Reprocudtive Health Bill Free Essays

Chelsea Samatra, Kenneth Ragus Samatra,Ragus 1 Ms. Daligcon Period 4 A Battery That Makes Cents Abstract Many coins in the heap will make the most power. On the off chance that there are more coins in the heap, at that point the greater power it can create, in light of the fact that the more electrons you have, the greater power you will get. We will compose a custom article test on Reprocudtive Health Bill or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Batteries are costly, however you can make one for precisely 24 pennies! In this test, you will make your own voltaic heap utilizing pennies and nickels. In the information, we will check whether the quantity of pennies and nickels will influence the quantity of voltage and current. Issue what number coins in the heap will make the most power? Speculation If there are more coins, at that point the greater power it can create, on the grounds that the more electrons you have the greater power you will get. Samatra, Ragus 2 Background/Research You may believe that batteries are a cutting edge development, yet batteries were one of the principal methods of making power. Alessandro Volta found the principal electric battery in 1800. He made a mammoth heap of substituting layers of zinc, smudging paper absorbed salt water, and silver. This early structure for a battery got known as theâ voltaic heap. How does a voltaic heap make power? The way to power is the development ofâ electrons. In a voltaic heap, electrons move from one metal to the next through the saltwater arrangement. The saltwater arrangement is called anâ electrolyte, and it containsâ ionsâ in arrangement from the broke up salts. A particle is a gathering of molecules that conveys a positive or negative electric charge. The particles respond with the metals, causing anâ electrochemical response, a unique sort of synthetic response that makes electrons. The two sorts of metals in a voltaic heap are calledâ electrodes. Since there are two sorts of metals, one metal responds more firmly than the other, which leaves an electrical likely contrast, likewise called voltage, between the two kinds of metals. One metal turns out to be emphatically charged, the positive terminal and the different turns out to be contrarily charged, the negative cathode. This makes electrons move, making an electricalâ currentâ which is estimated in amperes, and afterward you have power! What's more, the equation for voltage is current occasions obstruction or V = I*R, so the recipe for current will be voltage partitioned by opposition or I = V/R. Samatra, Ragus 3 Vocabulary Words: * Electrochemical Reaction †part of science that manages the substance activity of power and the creation of power by compound responses * Electron †Also called negatron, a rudimentary molecule that is a crucial constituent of issue * Voltaic Pile †battery comprising of voltaic cells orchestrated in arrangement; the soonest electric battery concocted by Volta. * Electrolyte †a fluid or gel that contains particles and can be disintegrated by electrolysis. Materials The materials and types of gear that are required for the investigation are: * Pennies (4) Nickels (4) * Mild dish cleanser * Vinegar (any sort, 1/4 C. ) * Salt (1 Tbsp. ) * Small bow * Small plate (artistic, plastic, or Styrofoam not paper or metal) * Digital multimeter (any benevolent that understands mA and mV) Samatra, Ragus 4 * Paper towels (2) * Scissors The methodology for the examination are: 1. In a little bowl, combine 1/4 C. of vinegar (electrolyte) and 1 Tbs p. of salt (particles). 2. Utilizing scissors, cut up a paper towel into little squares. 3. Spot the little squares to absorb the bowl of salt-vinegar arrangement, and put them in a safe spot. 4. Assemble a few pennies and nickels, wash with a mellow cleanser (like dish cleanser), and dry. 5. Begin fabricating your stack on a dry paper towel on your plate. Put down a penny first, at that point place a square of vinegar-doused paper towel on top, and afterward include a nickel. Continue rehashing the layers until you have a pile of four coins (exchanging pennies, wet paper towel pieces, and nickels), ensuring you end with a nickel on top. 6. Join the leads of the multimeter to the two finishes of the battery by contacting one lead to the penny on the base and the other to the nickel on the top. Measure the voltage created by your battery (in millivolts, mV). You can likewise gauge the current created (in milliamps, mA). Samatra, Ragus 5 7. Rehash the analysis, each time constructing a battery with an alternate number of coins. One significant guideline is to consistently begin with a penny and end in a nickel, so the quantity of layers of pennies and nickels will consistently coordinate. The record of the information table: Number of Pennies| Number of Nickels| Voltage (mV)| Current (mA)| 4| 6. 8| 1. 7| 5| 9. 5| 1. 9| 6| 12. 6| 2. 1| The information above shows that number of coins in the heap had influenced the measure of power created. The watcher can clearly tell that, why? Since the information shows that the more pennies and nickels you have in yorur heap, the more measure of power you can created. The measure of power delivered on 4 pennies and nickels is 6. 8, why on the grounds that the obstruction was 4 and afterward the current was 1. 7 and the recipe for voltage is V=I*R . The measure of voltage in 5 pennies and nickels is 9. 5 and its present was 1. 9. The measure of voltage in 6 pennies and nickels is 12. also, its present was 2. 1. Samatra, Ragus 6 Sample Models This picture shows the structure of a voltaic heap, which is the primary plan of a battery that’s used to make power. It was found by Alessandro Volta in 1800. In this analysis, you will make your own adaptation of the voltaic heap utilizing two unique kinds of coins and a salt-vinegar arrangement. How does a voltaic heap made of cash work? Since each coin is comprised of an alternate metal, one metal responds more firmly than the other, which leaves an electrical likely distinction (voltage) between the two kinds of metals. The inquiry is, in what manner will various quantities of coins influence the measure of power created? By making heaps with various quantities of coins and estimating the voltage and current delivered, you can test the impact of changing the quantity of coins in the heaps. Samatra, Ragus 7 Analysis Amount of the Voltage (Pennies ; Nickels) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 (4 pennies ; nickels) (5 pennies ; nickels) (6 pennies and nickels) The diagrams shows that the quantity of pennies and nickels whether it increment or reduction, it will influence the measure of the voltage (mV). The diagram above explicitly shows and reveal to us that expanding the quantity of nickels and pennies will build the measure of voltage. In an extremely short manner, the more pennies and nickels the more voltage and current. The equation for voltage was V = I * R, so the recipe for current was I = V/R and afterward the recipe for obstruction was R = V/I. Samatra, Ragus 8 taking everything into account, numerous coins in the heap will make the most power, I demonstrated that my speculation was correct the more coins in the heap, at that point the greater power it can deliver, in light of the fact that the more electrons you have, the greater power you will get. The information that I made was associated with the exploration area in light of the fact that the examination segment, it tells the peruser that can the quantity of pennies and nickels will influence the measure of the voltage? So my information shows that the quantity of the pennies and nickels did truly influence the measure of the voltage. I will consistently recall that the more electrons/coins in the heap, the greater power/voltage it can created. The most effective method to refer to Reprocudtive Health Bill, Essay models

What Happens If the Presidential Election Is a Tie

What Happens If the Presidential Election Is a Tie In four cases, the Electoral College, not the mainstream vote, has decided the result of a presidential political race. Despite the fact that there has never been a tie, the U.S. Constitution plots a procedure for settling such a situation. Heres what might occur and who the players included are if the 538 voters plunk down after the political decision and vote 269 to 269. The U.S. Constitution At the point when the U.S. first picked up its autonomy, Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution plot the procedure for choosing voters and the procedure by which they would choose a president. At that point, voters could decide in favor of two unique contender for president; whoever lost that vote would become VP. This prompted genuine contentions in the appointment of 1796 and 1800. Accordingly, U.S. Congress approved the twelfth Amendment in 1804. The revision explained the procedure by which balloters should cast a ballot. All the more significantly, it portrayed what to do in case of an appointive tie. The revision expresses that the House of Representatives will pick promptly, by voting form, the President† and â€Å"the Senate will pick the Vice-President. The procedure is likewise utilized if no competitor wins at least 270 Electoral College votes. The House of Representatives As coordinated by the twelfth Amendment, the 435 individuals from the House of Representatives must make their first official obligation the determination of the following president. In contrast to the Electoral College framework, where bigger populace approaches more votes, every one of the 50 states in the House gets precisely one vote while choosing the president. It is up to the assignment of agents from each state to choose how their state will cast its unrivaled vote. Littler states like Wyoming, Montana, and Vermont, with just a single delegate, employ as much force as California or New York. The District of Columbia doesn't get a vote in this procedure. The primary contender to win the votes of any 26 states is the new president. The twelfth Amendment gives the House until the fourth day of March to choose a president. The Senate While the House is choosing the new president, the Senate must choose the new VP. Every one of the 100 legislators gets one vote, with a straightforward larger part of 51 representatives required to choose the VP. In contrast to the House, the twelfth Amendment puts no time limit on the Senates choice of a VP. On the off chance that There Is Still a Tie With 50 votes in the House and 100 votes in the Senate, there could in any case be tie votes in favor of both president and VP. Under the twelfth Amendment, as changed by the twentieth Amendment, if the House has neglected to choose another president by Jan. 20, the VP choose fills in as acting president until the stop is settled. At the end of the day, the House continues casting a ballot until the tie is broken. This expect the Senate has chosen another VP. On the off chance that the Senate has neglected to break a 50-50 tie for VP, the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 determines that the Speaker of the House will fill in as acting president until tie casts a ballot in both the House and Senate have been broken. Past Election Controversies In the questionable 1800 presidential political decision, an Electoral College tie vote happened between Thomas Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr. The tie-breaking vote made Jefferson president, with Burr announced VP, as the Constitution required at that point. In 1824, none of the four applicants won the necessary lion's share vote in the Electoral College. The House elected John Quincy Adams president in spite of the way that Andrew Jackson had won the mainstream vote and the most constituent votes. In 1837, none of the bad habit presidential up-and-comers won a greater part in the Electoral College. The Senate vote made Richard Mentor Johnson VP over Francis Granger. From that point forward, there have been some extremely near disasters. In 1876, Rutherford B. Hayes vanquished Samuel Tilden by a solitary appointive vote, 185 to 184. Also, in 2000, George W. Hedge crushed Al Gore by 271 to 266 discretionary votes in a political race that finished in the Supreme Court.

Models for Change Business Process Reengineering Essay

Evaluate Business Strategy In the same way as other different methodologies, BPR cases to adjust association change (and IT advancement) with business procedure. This is significant in light of the fact that BPR concentrates of improving procedures which are of essential key significance. The supposition that will be that system is now decided, and that it is remotely focussed, managing clients, items, providers and markets. BPR is very unmistakable from key arranging. Select Processes Here we pick those procedures on which we will focus our reengineering exertion. This decision includes various advances. Recognize Major Processes A procedure as â€Å"a structured,measured set of exercises intended to create a predefined yield for a specific client or market, process is â€Å"an interrelated arrangement of exercises that convert business contributions to business yields (by changing the condition of significant business entities)†. Decide Process Boundaries This is anything but difficult to state and difficult to do. A few procedures, for example, item make, are genuinely self-evident, however there might be question whether to incorporate exercises, for example, materials obtainment inside this procedure. Once in a while the limits between forms which tail each other (eg advertising and deals, conveyance and establishment) are difficult to concur. Procedures which include beyond what one organization can likewise mess limit up. Evaluate Strategic Relevance Normally reengineering will focus on few procedures. This may appear problematic, yet gave the procedures picked are finished (not parts of procedures) and the reengineering is intensive, a stream on impact will presumably imply that inadmissible neighboring procedures will before long become possibility for update. So we should start with those procedures which are generally basic to the organisation’s methodology. At UTS, for example, the significant procedure may be to acquire more cash from industry. Procedures legitimately adding to this technique would be acceptable contender for reengineering. Qualify Culture and Politics This progression (which is even less quantifiable than the others) evaluates the way of life and legislative issues of the authoritative units performing exercises inside the procedure, and how these units are seen in more extensive hierarchical governmental issues and culture. Procedures in a clinical school, for example, might be more diligently to reengineer than those in a business college, both in light of the fact that the clinical school puts a high incentive on its autonomy and on the grounds that it is profoundly respected by the remainder of the college (or even society). Since effective reengineering eventually relies upon the collaboration of those playing out the procedure, it is smarter to manage forms where the way of life and legislative issues are great. Making a Process Vision â€Å"Creating a solid and continued linkage among methodology and the manner in which work is done is a suffering test in complex associations. Since business forms characterize how work is done, we are managing the connection among system and processes.In BPR, as in all plan work, making the vision is the pivotal stage; and it is likewise the least organized. In evaluating procedure and choosing forms we were attempting to comprehend things which (in principle) as of now exist. So also when we come to evaluate existing procedures and assets. For structure and usage we might be helped by rules, techniques and instances of comparative frameworks. Be that as it may, in making a dream we are pretty much all alone. There are various strategies, which are known to help in the inventive procedure. When taking a shot at process dreams it is likewise useful to consider in which zones of the business we wish to upgrade forms. Davenport manages two parts of vision creation: the quest for a d ream and vision qualities. Vision †search Procedure visons must be identified with system, so we may look to the organisation’s methodology for motivation. This accept the technique is adequately explicit to provide a feeling of guidance (eg â€Å"improve nature of administration to normal customers† instead of â€Å"improve quality†). Contemplating methodology likewise keeps the vision search at the correct level †expansive yet explicit. Since much BPR work underpins a client centered system, it is imperative to have client contribution to the vision. All the more for the most part, the â€Å"customer† is the one accepting the business yield, and this incorporates inside clients; it is significant that we realize the yield is â€Å"right† before we begin turning out how to create it. Benchmarking, with regards to making an undertaking, implies perceiving how others do it. This is identified with receiving â€Å"best practice†, however in the event that we need upper hand we may need to show improvement over â€Å"best†; in any case, it is acceptable to discover what is best up until now. We are searching for thoughts, not emulating, so we may search for benchmarks in very various sorts of association; in certainty this might be simpler, since our immediate rivals may not wish to uncover their â€Å"best† practice to us. Vision †targets and qualities â€Å"Process dreams, similar to techniques, ought to be anything but difficult to impart to the association, no threatening to the individuals who must actualize (or who are influenced by) them, and as rousing as quantifiable targets can be.† [Davenport,p119] The procedure vision shows what we need our new procedure to do and to an exceptionally restricted degree how it will do it. These are separately the procedure goals and qualities. The destinations ought to have a client or business center †they should really be worried about result. They should as indicated by all the specialists be quantifiable †we should have the option to tell how we have done. Also, they ought to be straightforward and non-contradicty †we don’t need a not insignificant rundown of contending destinations, nor targets whose measures are just intelligible to a mathematician, market analyst or bookkeeper. Run of the mill goals would be â€Å"reduce conveyance time by 50%† or â€Å"double the quantity of potential clients reached per month†. The qualities show how we mean to accomplish the goals, maybe regarding innovation or general standards. It is to some degree unordinary to create goals and means all the while however since BPR is focusing on radical targets it is important to have some sign of how they will be accomplished before the executives will be set up to focus on the plan stage. Notice that it is significant at this phase to consider an assortment of means before the vision is concluded. Adding credits to our targets may give â€Å"reduce conveyance time by half by re-appropriating conveyance services† or â€Å"use to web to twofold the quantity of potential clients reached every month without expanding staff†. Davenport calls attention to that extreme change might be accomplished by setting aggressive destinations †â€Å"creativity must be energized by setting outlandish goals†. Comprehend and Improve Existing Processes A few defenders of BPR advocate beginning with a â€Å"clean slate† yet most (counting Davenport) suggest that we invest energy considering existing procedures. There are various explanations behind this: †¢People in the associations (and clients) will utilize language dependent on the current procedures. We have to utilize this language to clarify our proposition. †¢When actualizing the new procedures we should design change from the present circumstance †the current procedures. †¢The existing procedures might be causing issues which we could without much of a stretch rehash on the off chance that we don't get them. Existing procedures may likewise contain exercises for maintaining a strategic distance from issues which we probably won't foresee. †¢The existing procedures are the base from which we measure improvement. Contemplating the current procedures incorporates the accompanying exercises: †¢The current procedure stream is portrayed utilizing any reasonable graphing technique. Such a technique ought to show the arrangement of exercises, trigger occasions, time taken for every movement and any buffering delays. †¢The current procedure is assessed against the new targets and evaluated for conformance to the new qualities. †¢Problems with the present procedure are distinguished. It is essential to recollect that reengneering isn't implied just to defend existing procedures. †¢Short term upgrades to the present procedures are proposed. It isn't fitting to delay straightforward enhancements until complete reengineering is finished. Evaluate Social and Technical Resources In this progression we judge whether we have the assets accessible to continue with the venture. â€Å"Social resources† allude to the association and the individuals in it. Is the association used to change? Are there key supporters of BPR? Does the association have a convention of collaboration and open conversation? Is there an air of trust? What aptitudes are accessible? Are individuals ready to learn? On the off chance that social assets seem, by all accounts, to be insufficient, they should be created previously or during the reengineering venture. The equivalent applies to specialized assets, however these are simpler to pass judgment. Is fitting innovation accessible to help the new procedures? This implies equipment, programming and talented individuals. Confinements especially happen with arrange foundation. Once more, missing capacities should be created, despite the fact that for this situation (in contrast to social assets) re-appropriating is a chance. Structure and Implement New Processes Structure and execution of the new procedures can utilize any appropriate system, yet various focuses should be recalled. †¢Since BPR is execution situated the system must have the option to foresee execution during structure. †¢BPR ventures are intended to be done rapidly †the approach should bolster this. †¢Stakeholders (the two clients and the individuals who will be working the procedure) must be included. â?

The Role of DNA Methylation in the Tumourgenesis - 3850 Words

The Role of DNA Methylation in the Tumourgenesis (Research Paper Sample) Content: The Role of DNA Methylation in the TumourgenesisInsert name (s)Course Instructorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameCourse CodeDate of SubmissionThe Role of DNA Methylation in the TumourgenesisOverview of DNA MethylationÂDNA methylation is a critically important epigenetic alteration involving the covalent addition of a methyl group to cytosine, guanine or adenine within CpG dinucleotides of the animal cells. According to many experts, DNA methylation plays a very important role in healthy growth and development as it is associated to various processes in living organisms. In addition, DNA methylation is also an essential process required for proper embryonic development and cellular differentiation particularly in higher animals. This is particularly because the biochemical addition of the methyl groups may result in a number of profound effects on the mammalian genome some of which may include transcriptional repression, X chromosome inactivation, carcinogenesis and genomic suppre ssion (Santella, 2011, p.293).Recent studies have revealed that DNA methylation is a crucial player in both genome stability and DNA repair. In normal cells, the epigenetic modification is particularly responsible for ensuring proper regulation of stable gene slicing and gene expression. However, given its critical role in gene expression, errors in DNA methylation have been known to give rise to a diverse number of devastating consequences including abnormalities and diseases such as cancer (Phillips,Â2008, p.116). The correlation between DNA methylation and tumourgenesis is particularly attributed to the silencing of the critical growth regulators like the tumor suppressing genes by DNA methylation due to hypermethylation within the promoter regions. This dissertation critically investigates the potential role of DNA methylation in the tumourgenesis. 1 DNA Methylation MachineryThe DNA methylation machinery primarily consists of DNA methyltransferases (which act as highlighters ), readers of the methylation mark (glasses) as well as erasers. Generally, the machinery particularly works by ensuring that certain genes are turned on at the proper time and turned off when they are not required.The DNA methyltransferases (highlighters) also known as DNA MTases or DNMTs refers to a family of enzymes that are primarily responsible for catalyzing the transfer of methyl group during the DNA methylation process. According to many experts, the enzyme DNA methyltransferases particularly catalyzes the DNA methylation by initiating and speeding up the addition of methyl groups to the 5th carbon position of the cytosine (cytosine-5)Âring within the CpG dinucleotides thereby resulting in 5-methylcytosine.According to Gnyszka, Jastrzebski and Flis (2013, p.2989), there are three DNMTs responsible for the establishment and maintenance of the DNA methylation process namely the DNMT1,ÂDNMT3aÂandÂDNMT3b. DNMT1 is the most abundant enzyme DNA methyltransferase p articularly in the mammalian cells where it is primarily responsible for methylating hemimethylated CpG dinucleotides as well as the maintenance of methyltranferase. On the other hand, DNMT3aÂnormally methylates CpG dinucleotides at a faster rate than DNMT3b but slightly slower than DNMT1.Another key component of the DNA methylation machinery is the methylation mark readers also known as the methyl-CpG-binding proteins. The readers particularly work by specifically binding to the methylated DNA thereby silencing transcription and modulating gene expression. In most cases, the activities of the methyl-CpG-binding proteins (readers) are closely supported by the local chromatin structures which are often primarily responsible for determining the repression or transcription of certain genes. For example, a number of methyl-CpG-binding proteins are widely thought to repress gene expression through their subsequent interactions with the enzymes histone deacetylases. In this regard, th e state of then chromatin structure may be critically important in the regulation of transcription and repression of genes. Finally, the erasers are a part of the DNA methylation machinery which primarily functions by inhibiting methylation initiated suppression thereby redepressing the silenced genes.Fig 1: DNA Methylation Machinery 2 Dynamics of DNA Methylation in Human GenomeThe human genome is widely known to contain two sets of information namely genetic and epigenetic. The epigenetic information is primarily responsible for providing the needed blueprint for the processing and manufacture of all the important proteins required for the survival of micro organisms while the epigenetic information is used to determine where, how and when the genetic information should be used including its transcription and suppression (Esteller, 2011, p.3007). DNA Methylation is one of the major forms of epigenetic information in the human genome that is responsible for ensuring that certain gen es are turned on at the proper time and turned off when they are not required through the covalent addition of a methyl group to cytosine within CpG dinucleotides.Generally, the methylation of DNA in the human genome may potentially affect the binding of proteins to their various cognate DNA sequences thereby resulting in a number of effects on the genome. According to many experts, DNA Methylation normally has a diverse number of profound effects on the human genome some of which usually include epigenetic inheritance, genomic stability, transcriptional repression, X chromosome inactivation, carcinogenesis, suppression and imprinting of parasitic DNA sequences. However, changes in the DNA methylation have in numerous cases been correlated with genetic lesions and genomic instability. 3 Mechanism of DNA Methylation in Gene ExpressionDNA methylation is one of the major epigenetic mechanisms used by the animal cells to control and regulate gene expression. Methylation of DNA is a proc ess where methyl (CH3) group is added to cytosine or guanine/ DNA nucleotides, the cells then uses these epigenetic methods to control/silence gene expression. Gene expression however on the other hand is the process by which information from aÂgeneÂis used in the production of a functionalÂgeneÂproduct for example protein, but in non-protein coding genes such as tiny nuclear RNA, the product after synthesis is a functional RNA (Esteller, 2011, 3005).The mechanism generally entails conversion of the of cytosine bases of the DNA to 5-methylcytosine through the addition of methyl groups to the 5th carbon position of the cytosine (cytosine-5)Âring in the CpG dinucleotides. In this regard, the DNA methylation machinery particularly works by ensuring that certain genes are turned on at the proper time and turned off when they are not required. This is widely attributed to the fact that the epigenetic information is primarily responsible for providing the needed bluepr int for the processing and manufacture of all the important proteins required for the survival of micro organisms while the epigenetic information is used to determine where, how and when the genetic information should be used including its transcription and suppression.According to Knudson (2001, p.158), the methylation of DNA in the human genome may potentially affect the binding of proteins to their various cognate DNA sequences thereby resulting in a number of effects on the genome. As earlier been noted, the entire process is normally catalyzed by DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) enzymes. A number of recent researches have particularly revealed that DNA methylation primarily takes place at the cytosine bottom ofÂeukaryoticÂDNA, which are then converted to 5-methylcytosine by the DNA Methyltransferase enzymes. The altered cytosine residues are then put in place on a DNA sequence and eventually replicated thereby resulting in changes in the gene expression.Although the exact mechanism of methylation in the gene expression is not fully understood, it is widely believed that Methylation plays a critically important role in repressing gene expression and one way is by blocking the promoters. For example, According to Phillips (2008), there exist many ways in which gene expression can be controlled in cells some of which includes numerous cellular processes such as inactivation of the X-chromosome, preventing chromosome stability, embryonic development and genomic imprinting but regardless of all these, methylation of DNA is the most commonly preferred and used method by cells to put genes in an "off" position because these other methods are linked to many errors that leads to devastating consequences such as human diseases.In addition, for better embryonic development and cell differentiation, proper DNA methylation is highly recommended. During the process of cell cycle, the patterns of this histone methylation may change rapidly though methylation of DNA is believed to be quite stable in somatic cells. On the other hand, the aberrant methylation process which is the most common molecular laceration of the cancer cells and it is a big factor to be considered as it causes most human diseases. For gene transcription to take place, the gene promoter must be readily accessible to transcription factors and other regulatory units e.g. the enhancers. 4 DNA Methylation Changes in CancerTurmorgenesis and the development of cancer normally occur as a result of both genetic and epigenetic alterations. According to the widely accepted hypothesis proposed by Knudson (2001, .156) known as the "Two genetic hitsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , the carcinogenesis involves two hits namely the first (active) hit inform of genetic alterations such as mutations in a critical gene and the second hit in the form of silence epigenetic alterations resulting in the inactivation or ...

Indias law on acid attacks - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2213 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Ecology Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations It can be concluded from the research of the laws prevalent in various countries that India has recognized the effects and the increasing incidence of acid violence in the country over the last few years. India has now made acid violence a specific offence and have through legislation ensured that victims be provided free treatment in both government and private hospitals. Also through the Supreme Court judgment it is mandated that the victim be given a minimum of 3 lakhs Rs. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Indias law on acid attacks" essay for you Create order as compensation by the State government. But still the implementation lacks as there are no agencies / bodies created at the state or district level to ensure that the mandatory provisions are implemented. There is an absence of National/State Monitoring Board or any National / State Victim Fund to adhere to the needs of the victims and also to ensure implementation at the ground level. The National Commission for Women in 2008 recommended establishment of National/State Monitoring Board and a National / State Victim Fund for the purpose but till now no such body is in existence. Even regards compensation and regulating sale and use of corrosive acids, the states have not come out with their policies despite repeated directions by the Supreme Court over the last few years. Also there is no grievance redressal system in place like the Special Acid Violence Tribunals created in Bangladesh. Recommendations- Recommendations with regards to Medical Support- Victims of acid violence need urgent medical support as time is of the essence. The first aid and the medical treatment, including cosmetic surgeries etc. are very expensive. Even in cases of less severe burns the amount spent in surgeries runs into lakhs of Rupees. Inspite of the Supreme Court’s guidelines and provisions in the I.P.C and Cr.P.C, the victims of acid violence face many obstacles in receiving free treatment and also seeking compensation from the Government. From the ground realities it is observed that therein lays the problem of implementation. In many cases of acid violence reported the victims still await the much needed compensation[1] and are denied the essential treatment on technical grounds. Also any delay in the surgery and skin-grafting procedures causes new skin to grow over the burnt skin causing further disfigurement. So to ensure effective implementation it is proposed:- That the Government issue Acid Victim cards to the victims of acid attack which are recognized and accepted in various Government and private hospitals in the Delhi- NCR area ensuring sppedy medical and first-aid treatment to the victims. That such hospitals be mandated to provide medicines and other services free of costs to the victims possessing these Govt. Issued Acid Victim Cards since many of the victims are poor and cant afford even the medicines let alone the surgeries. Also every such hospital should be mandated to reserve atleast 2 wards for victims of acid violence, since absence of beds is given as one of the reasons denying access of treatment to the victims. Also Victims of Acid Burns are prone to infection and so hygienic environment is one of the most essential aspects of treatment. The orders of the Supreme Court with regards to compensation should be implemented and a fund should be incorporated for victims of acid violence so that timely compensation can be paid to ensure urgent first aid and basic skin treatment. There should be in place a National Acid Attack Victim’s Assistance Board on the lines recommended by the National Commission for Women Draft Bill or a Criminal Injuries Compensation Board as recommended by the Law Commission in its 226th Report so as to have in place a monitoring authority to ensure the victim’s grievances are heard and timely compensation accorded to them.[2] Recommendations regarding Rehabilitation and After care of victims of acid violence-Victims of acid violence are unable to follow their normal routines for many years due to constant surgeries and treatment and in many cases are discarded by their families due to mounting costs of treatment. So it is proposed that:- The victims of acid violence are given employment in Govt. and Public Sector Undertakings since many people are unwilling to hire them because of their appearance and since due to their surgeries and medical treatments they have been out of skilled work for many years. In cases where the victim is not in a position to work due to medical and psychological reasons, the government should give monthly pension or some other fixed amount. The Acid Victim Card issued by the govt. for hospitals could be used to disburse this monthly amount. Furthermore since the victims are often shunned away from their homes due to medical expenses, it is proposed to provide the victims with a safe and hygienic accommodation as has been done by the State of Karnataka for victims of acid violence. Recommendations with regards to Framing Policy for previous Victims(Drafting a Scheme)- Past Victims of acid violence had to endure many obstacles and sufferings due to absence of laws and had to sell their personal belongings to finance their medical treatment. It is only in the 2013 Criminal Amendment Act that acid attacks was recognized as a distinct offence and Section 326A and 326B were introduced in the Indian Penal Code. In this Amendment Act Section 357B and 357C was introduced in Criminal Procedure Code mandating the States to incorporate a fund for victims of acid attacks and to ensure that both Government and Private Hospitals provide free essential medical treatment. In view of this it is proposed that a Scheme should be formulated treating Acid Attack Victims as a disadvantaged class and ensuring that:- In this Scheme even past victims for acid Violence should be compensated for their financial expenditure on their treatments which was a responsibility for the Govt. to provide in the first place. Atleast compensation amounting to 10 Lakhs of Rupees should be paid to them and a Govt job should be provided to them since they are treated as an outcast with no means of livelihood. Also it is proposed that a shelter house should be established for the Delhi-NCR area to cater to the needs of acid attack victims. Also since the victims of acid attacks are mostly girls in the age group of 15-25 yrs it is proposed that the government should frame policies to provide higher education. Due to the attacks many of the girls had to give up education and so remain unskilled. Education is one of the most elementary aspects of ensuring rehabilitation to the victims and ensuring financial independence. So incentives like scholarships, vocational training and reservation of seats should be provided to them through the scheme. Institutes like ILI can reserve a few seats for victims of acid violence and can also provide free legal aid to such victims. Recommendations with regard to Criminal Investigation and Trial Cases of acid violence should be brought under fast track courts since in such cases time is of the essence and due to the urgency of the matter questions regarding fine and compensation are to be decided at the earliest. Also a time period should be fixed within which the investigation is to be completed like it is 60 days in Bangladesh. Police officers found negligent or intentionally misleading investigations should be made criminally liable as done by other countries to ensure the perpetrators of such acts are brought to justice. Recommendations regarding establishment of Skin Banks, a Monitoring Authority, Sensitization and awareness- The Government should promote awareness with regards to acid violence and their detrimental effects. Also basic First Aid to be given to the victims should be highlighted. The govt. should enhance its efforts to sensitize the public generally towards victims of acid attacks so that they are not ridiculed and are brought to the manifold of life. The victims have done no wrong. It is the accused and the perpetrators who should lose face and not the victim. She deserves all the support we can give her. Inspite of the directions of the Supreme Court the Sale of Acid continues Unregulated. The Government should empower the SDM to carry out regular checks over the acid-selling Counters and also to ensure that the Companies manufacturing and distributing acids comply with the Supreme Court Guidelines. The SDM has to be given greater powers in this regard and the punishment for failure to comply with the guidelines with regards to Regulation of acid should invite heavt penalties so as to be a deterrent. Skin banks for acid attack survivors[3] At present, there are no skin banks at government-run hospitals, making skin donation out of reach for the poor.In February 2012, when the Union health ministry approved the idea of setting up a skin bank at New Delhi’s Safdarjung Hospital, acid attack survivors and burns patients across north India saw a ray of hope. However, the project is yet to see the light of day, according to replies to an RTI application filed by acid attack survivor and activist Pragya Prasun Singh.[4] Skin banks would not only help acid attack victims, but also those who suffer severe burns. The project was also supposed to involve an awareness programme on skin donation, but there is no such awareness programme in effect as of yet. Proposed Amendments Amendments to the Indian Evidence Act-It is proposed that section 114B of the Indian Evidence Act should be incorporated. Section 114 B would read as: 114B- Presumption as to acid attack-If a person has thrown acid on, or administered acid to, another person the court shall presume that such an act has been done with the intention of causing, or with the knowledge that such an act is likely to cause such hurt or injury as is mentioned in Section 326 A of the Indian Penal Code. Amendments to the Indian Penal Code- it is proposed that the recommendations of both National Commission for Women and the Law Commission should be complied with and a minimum amount of fine should be laid down both in Section 326A and Section 326 B. The National Commission for Women in its Draft Bill laid down the quantum of fine as 5 lakhs to be paid by the accused to the victim while the 226th Report laid down the amount of fine upto 10 lakhs. Even in cases of attempt to throw acid, the amount of fine should atleast be Rs. 2 lakhs so as to deter future cases of acid violence. Amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure Section 161 should be amended so as to include 326A and 326B as the class of cases wherein the statement of the women who is victim of acid violence will be recorded by the women police officer or any woman officer. Section 167(5) of the Code should be amended so as to include a proviso stating that in cases of acid violence the investigation shall be concluded within a period of 30days from the arrest of the accused and in case of delay for no fault of the investigating officer, it shall be completed within a period of 2 months from the date of arrest of the accused. It is proposed Section 309 of the CrPC be amended so as to include Section 326A and Section 326B in the first proviso. Section 309 relates to the power to postpone or adjourn proceedings. It would mean that in cases of Section 326A and 326B, the trial or inquiry should be completed within a period of 2 months from the date of filing of the charge sheet. Furthermore Sec309 should be amended to introduce an additional proviso stating that in case of adjournment or in case of discharge of accused u/s 245 Crpc, the court may order interim compensation for the urgent treatment of victim of acid violence. Section 357A (5) should be amended so as to include a proviso so that in cases of acid violence interim compensation for urgent medical treatment should be disbursed to the concerned hospital treating the victim within 15 days. Section 357C should be amended so as to clarify that the hospitals (public/private) providing free treatment to victims of acid violence will get the amount reimbursed from the state’s Victim Compensation Fund after presenting the requisite details of the treatment provided signed by the victim. For this purpose the Government is to provide Acid Attack Victim Medical cards so as to make the whole process more transparent and easier for the victims of acid violence. Provisions as to Bail-Section 437 of the Code of Criminal Procedure should be amended so as to include a proviso that in cases of acid violence no bail should be given to the accused if it appears that on being released the accused would threaten the victim or would use his position to threaten/influence the victim or her family members. Also it should be made out that normally in cases of acid violence bail is not to be given unless accused shows that he has a strong defence or that preponderance of probabilities lies in favour of the accused. [1] See also Sapna Case Study in Chapter 5.1. [2] See Chapter 2.4.3 Draft Bills and Reports of this work. [3] Nupur Sonar, No skin to hide the Scars, 21st Dec’2013 available at: https://www.tehelka.com/no-skin-to-hide-the-scars/(Visited on 20th Feb 2014). [4] Ibid.

William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 1490 Words

In William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, the appellation characters are teenagers who abatement in adulation at aboriginal sight. Undeterred by the abhorrence that exists amid their families, they foolishly ally which sets off an alternation of abrupt accomplishments that advance to their deaths. Both Romeo and Juliet seek the admonition of the adults in their lives, but are met with carelessness according to their own. Shakespeare’s affair that abrupt accomplishments can generally accept adverse after-effects is illustrated through Friar Lawrence’s analysis of Romeo and Juliet’s accord and Lord Capulet’s hasty accommodation of Juliet’s alliance to Paris. Shakespeare’s affair that abrupt accomplishments can generally accept adverse†¦show more content†¦Romeo went ahead and went to the man named Friar Lawrence to marry them and he agreed. They met at the chapel and were married. The Characters are Prince of Verona, Paris is a young nobleman, Montague, and Capulet are both head of household’s cousin to Capulet, Romeo son to Montague, Mercutio, Kinsman to the Prince, and friend to Romeo. Benvolio nephew to Montague, and friend to Romeo. Tybalt, nephew to Lady Capulet. Friar Lawrence, Friar John – Franciscans. The Nurse is Juliet’s servant like a mother to her. Gregory servant to Capulets. Love Caused Violence Romeo and Juliet is a lot of acclaimed adulation adventure in the English arcane tradition. Adulation is by itself the play’s ascendant and a lot of important theme. The play focuses on adventurous love, accurately the acute affection that springs up at aboriginal afterimage amid Romeo and Juliet. In Romeo and Juliet, adulation is a violent, ecstatic, cutting force that supersedes all added values, loyalties, and emotions. In the advance of the play, the adolescent lovers. Love is the cardinal affair of the play, but a clairvoyant should consistently bethink that Shakespeare is aloof in assuming a prettied-up, airy adaptation of the emotion, the affectionate that bad poet’s address about, and whose bad balladry Romeo reads while acquisitive for Rosaline. Love in Romeo and Juliet is a brutal, able affect that captures individuals and catapults

Water Moccasin Essay Research Paper Water MoccasinThe free essay sample

Water Moccasin Essay, Research Paper Water Moccasin The H2O mocassin, besides known as mocassin serpent, and water moccasin ( called this because when it is threatened it throws back its caput and shows its white-lined oral cavity as a warning signal ) , swamp adder, gapper, trap jaw, H2O mocassin, and low land mocassin. Trap jaw, H2O mocassin, and water moccasin are the more common names for it. Belonging to the household Viperidae, it is Agkistrodon piscivorus, phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, category Reptilia, order Squamata, household Crotalidae lives in the southeasterly United States of a line running from Cape Charles, Virginia, to the center of the Alabama-Georgia boundary line, so to southern Illinois, and from at that place to where the Pecos River and the Rio Grande meet in Texas. The specific name piscivorus means, # 8220 ; fish feeder # 8221 ; but H2O mocassins are besides fond of toads, mammals and other serpents, it eats both cold blooded and warm blooded animate beings. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Moccasin Essay Research Paper Water MoccasinThe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The H2O mocassin is aquatic and is at place near or in the H2O. Its comparative, the Copperhead, is most frequently found off from H2O and in forest home grounds. Although it may be normally seen in lakes and pools, countries where homo are, few human deceases are recorded. Baby H2O mocassins frequently look a batch different than their parents, because they have a form of black cross bands over a tan/gray background. These babes besides have a bright xanthous tail, used for enticing little quarries within dramatic distance ; this colour is lost as the snakes mature. The immature are born unrecorded in late summer and early fal l. The figure per litter norms five serpents, with the serpents mensurating sex to eleven inches. The H2O mocassin is a really deadly serpent, a cavity viper, it has a cavity in the side of its caput, below the eyes and the anterior naris, and some non-venomous H2O serpents have a wide caput excessively, but lack the cavity. Water mocassins can turn to over five pess long, though most are merely 3 + pess. They have large dark sets across their organic structures. They normally feed on little mammals, fish, birds, and toads ; Fish provide most of the serpent # 8217 ; s venom because of the oils in the fish. Water mocassins are usually found in wet topographic points, boggy countries of rivers and watercourses, and boggy shores of lakes. The bite of a H2O mocassin is highly unsafe and could turn out fatal. The water moccasin may hold their babes when they are every bit immature as three old ages of age. The babes of a water moccasin serpent are born unrecorded. The babes are born from September to August. The parents attention for them for a few old ages while they are still immature and unable to care for themselves. Adults Hunt for nutrient while the babes stay in their nest waiting for their return. The figure of babes that can be born at one time are from eight to ten at one birth. Cottonmouth serpents are good at concealing. The water moccasin snake # 8217 ; s colourising helps them suit in and conceal so they are non seen. Their disguise helps them Hunt for nutrient and to conceal from marauders. The babes have better disguise than the adult ups. The ground for this is because the babes are smaller so they are unobserved in the under coppice of the wetlands.

Internet Governance

Introduction Internet governance is crucial for the security of the world’s nations. The Internet is the most commonly used source of information in the modern digitalized economies regardless of a nation’s development status.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Internet Governance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, terrorists use the Internet to access information about their target areas of attack across the world; hence, there is a great need for Internet governance that offers security mechanism for shielding information that could benefit terrorists in their missions. Since its inception, the Internet has lacked a centralized governing body, hence making it freely accessible to everyone with an Internet access around the globe. Consequently, many people have suffered from acts of terrorisms and huge data leaked to the hands of the Internet hackers. In addition, individuals, co rporate organisations, and even governmental bodies have suffered huge losses due to the Internet virus spread coupled with malwares that corrupt computer memories leading to loss of data. In addition, many people have lost trust with the Internet security mechanism for its lenience on tightening security for fear of denying people the freedom of expression over the Internet. Some countries oppose the idea of introducing central governing bodies for the Internet fearing that their communication technology development might be hampered by the developed countries1. In contrast, some developed nations fear that other countries would take that advantage to hinder their development thus opposing the idea of centralised Internet governance. Internet Governance Forum (IGF) There is no universal definition of the term â€Å"Internet Governance†, which has been agreed upon by the involved stakeholders. The simplest definition of Internet Governance is the management, control, and coor dination of the Internet.2 However, in 2005, the United Nations held the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), in which the delegates agreed upon the definition of the term â€Å"Internet Governance†. According to Kruger, the agreed definition defined the Internet Governance as â€Å"the development and application by governments, the private sector, and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the Internet†.3Advertising Looking for case study on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The coming of the Internet has led to the changes in the mode of international telecommunications processes in the world. Initially, growth and development of the Internet had been without guidance and participation of intergovernmental processes until the adoption of the International Telec ommunication Union (ITU) in 1973.4 However, the Internet had not fully grown to a level of becoming a global communication, economic, political, and social platform as it is in the contemporary times. The role of ITU was to manage and standardize the technical and operation tasks of the Internet, which include the standardization of communication protocols, managing web names, and numerical addresses used over the Internet. The rapid growth and development of the Internet in many countries all over the world stirred concerns over the introduction of a multi-stakeholder Internet governance rather than giving the United States full control over the management of the Internet. Fidler claims that the main objective of these countries was â€Å"to bring the role of Internet governance within the intergovernmental processes and under the international Internet law treaties†5. In 1988, members of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) adopted the International telecommunica tion Regulations (ITRs), which according to Fidler ,it â€Å"focused on interconnection and universal operation ability of communication services brought about by the growth of the Internet, and hence replaced Telegraph and Telephone Regulations that ITU had espoused upon its adoption in 1973†6. According to Kruger, the ITRs contained the â€Å"governing principles rather than rules that formed a simple framework for the international communication cooperation, which are still been in use today†.7 Over the last few decades, the use and development of the internet in the world has been growing rapidly, and that has posed a great challenge on the Internet governance and administration policies. Internet governance underscores a wide area of study and it entails a number of administrative aspects that seek to keep Internet content under check. Some policies are difficult for national regulative mechanisms, and thus they require international co-operation, of which some po licies are often difficult to agree upon their international uniformity.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Internet Governance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There have been heated deliberations over the aspects that touch on Internet governance coupled with the necessary regulations governing the same. According to Kruger, â€Å"the United Nations held the World Summit on Information Society (WSIS) in two stages, viz. the first and the second in 2003 and 2005 respectively, which gave momentum to the debate on Internet Governance†8. The ultimate goal of holding the summit was to discuss the methods that would increase the access of communication and information technologies in the applied when applied on the global platform. Much of the discussions made in the summit relied heavily on the centralisation of the technical administration of the internet, which disappointed a majority of the participants and especially the delegates from the third world countries. However, a key outcome of the summit was an agreement upon the establishment of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), and the aim of the governance forum was to bring together multi-stakeholders in its management, which included the governments, industry, and civil societies. The WSIS of 2003 summit did not reach a consensus because of presence of many disagreements between the proponents and proposers of the adoption of the multi-stakeholder approach to the Internet governance. While China and third world countries proposed for the adoption of the Multi-stakeholder approach, the United States and other western developed countries advocated for the introduction of more governmental and intergovernmental control mechanisms. Those disagreements led the WSIS to advising the then UN Secretary-General to establishing the Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG) in December 2004. Much heated debate over the Internet control l ed to the confrontation of the WGIG by the parties of both sides. Those confrontations forced the WGIG to recommend the establishment of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), which was passed on the second WSIS summit in 2005.Advertising Looking for case study on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the initial IGF lacked the decision-making authority, despite its being a multi-stakeholders discussion forum. Moreover, in 2006 ITU members decided to hold an international conference on the international telecommunication for the ITRs that would empathize on the much-evolved international telecommunication environments, which they proposed to hold in 2012. In 2012, delegates filled the ITU conference on the international telecommunication with heated debates over the stand of the ITU on Internet governance. Proponents of the multi-stakeholders approach believed that ITU was using the conference as a platform of bringing Internet governance under the control of both the governmental and non-governmental organisations and hindering innovation, growth of the e-commerce, the Internet development, people’s democracy, and the human rights. Many scholars viewed the idea of the reviewing the ITRs as a move to tie the government regulations on the Internet, and hence keepin g the free usage of the Internet away from the future generations. They argued that in order to prevent that case from happening coupled with any fundamental shift concerning the modern Internet governance, influential stakeholders should seek ways of protecting it. However, the secretary general of ITU, Hamadoun Tourà ©, had stated that the conference would not address any issues relating to the Internet governance, but some members proposed for changes that focused much on Internet governance, and they considered it prudent to hold discussions over them. For instance, according to Fidler, in an article on the Internet, Russia had discussed on the multi-stakeholder model, viz. â€Å"Member States shall have equal rights to manage the Internet, including in regard to the allotment, assignment and reclamation of the Internet numbering, naming, addressing and identification resources, and to support for the operation and development of the basic Internet infrastructure†9. Othe r forms of proposed revisions on ITRs included the financing model for the Internet communications and measures that affect the security of both computer and the Internet security.10 Unfortunately, the conference ended without mutual consensus. There were 144 delegates having the voting rights out of whom eighty-nine appended their signs on the revision of ITRs including many from the third world countries, China, and Russia. On the other hand, delegates from the Unites States, European nations, and Australia did not sign for the revision. The fact that both sides had powerful nations led to the ending of a conference without consensus. However, the ITU secretary-general noted later that the revised ITRs did not mention the word ‘Internet’; hence, there was a need for the revision and thus he made a resolution to adopt the revision. The new revised ITRs included a preamble language, which required ITU members to remain committed in implementing the proposed regulations in manners, which respected and upheld human rights. The major difference between this form of language and others is its responsiveness to debates over the human rights and the Internet while others relied heavily on the freedom of expression as the only basic human right over the communication technologies11. In addition, there were articles of the revised ITRs that brought controversies among the members of the ITU. For instance, article 1 contained a provision that allowed private institutions that engage in the provision of international communication services to govern the Internet. This move brought about the question on the purpose and scope of the ITRs to the government of the United States. Hence, according to Drake, â€Å"the United States strongly opposed the provision by arguing that the revised ITRs broadened the scope of Internet governance to the point that the private sector and government operators could play a crucial role in the governance of the Internet across the world†.12 There was also a controversy about the added language in the article1.1 (a), which touched on the human rights and addressed the Internet content as a human right. In essence, content-related issues cannot be termed as human rights to the freedom of expression. The provision failed to convince the majority of members, and as a result, ITU dropped it after much criticism concerning its provision to post harmful contents over the Internet under the human rights provision. Article 5A provided for the provision of information security and cyber-security by individual member states. The United States strongly opposed that provision and described both ITU and ITRs as inappropriate avenues for the world’s Internet security issues. The manner in which some developed countries signed the revision of ITRs was questionable to the United States and consequently it viewed Russia and China as geared towards introducing the Internet security covers that could limit the public usage of the Internet at freewill. Hence, it strongly opposed that provision terming it as a risky move to the human rights. The ITU also adopted an additional revision to the ITRs concerning the enabling of the greater growth of the Internet by all stakeholders called Resolution 3.13 However, Resolution 3 was a non-binding regulation though it received much criticism from some countries especially the United States that viewed it as a contravention to the promise by the ITU secretary general, Hamadoun Tourà © that WCIT would not touch on anything related to the Internet in the discussions. The United States feared that the proponents of the revision would extend this provision to the point of allowing government and non-government bodies to have great influence over the Internet governance. However, the reviewed ITRs policies would be put in place at the start of 2015 to the countries that appended the revision. On the other hand, others, who did not append to the revision, would remain bound by the current ITRs. There are various questions about the adverse effect of Internet governance on businesses conditions, planning, decision-making processes, and other important sectors in an economy14. In addition, the scope of Internet governance also seems unclearly defined as to where it should take place, the Internet issues that should be addressed, and outcomes to be sought in the application of Internet governance mechanisms. These serious issues hamper good international relations amongst different states such as Russia, United States, and China. Lack of consensus in the world conference of international telecommunication (WCIT) hints at a probable lack of signs of a meaningful comprise in the future. Going by the international laws, the WCIT tried to introduce Internet governance as a set of international rules. Opposition by any state to these rules did not pose any danger of prosecution, but rather the consequences of failing to adhere to such rules and policies. The ITU members realised such discrepancies, which compelled the ambassador of the United States to conclude that his country would support the multi-stakeholders approach of the Internet governance, which incorporates industries, civil societies, and other major stakeholders of economic growth and development. In October 2006, the UN summit held the first meeting that discussed issues on the Internet Governance Forum. In attendance were the delegates from different economic sectors and countries all over the world. In addition, those delegates from different sectors that included government, industries, charities, and civil organisations. According to Drake, â€Å"the main theme of the conference was Internet Governance for economic growth and development, and had four main subcategories, which included viz. openness, security, access issues, and cultural and linguistic diversity†.15 Internet Governance does not make decisions, but it provides an Internet plat form for democratic decision-making by setting up dynamic coalitions for the process. The key issues in the dynamic coalitions include privacy, open standards, and rights and responsibilities of the Internet users. Beginning with the privacy, the Internet governance forum provided for rules that regulate the web and the Internet users about the handling of privacy. Privacy protection is the first step to ensuring the security of the Internet users through emails, web pages, and databases. Secondly, the Internet security is a major issue of concern in today’s digital world. The major Internet security threats include spam, malwares, and cyberspace attacks. Spam is unwanted message sent by unanimous senders to recipients and mostly contains immoral and security threatening messages. Internet governance has the responsibilities of prohibiting the sending of spam messages over the Internet. Malware refers to application software products sent over the email and destroys the compu ter database whenever they run in a computer. However, there is a major concern that Internet governance should also control the Internet content despite it being open and global. However, since the inception of the Internet, it has never been under control of a controlling body or organisation. The Internet abuse is controllable and Internet governance mechanisms need to be introduced for the execution of the Internet control processes. For instance, in the UK, unlawful Internet content leads to the prosecution whereby the Internet Watch Foundation controls the Internet contents that are abusive to under-aged individuals. In addition, Ofcom, a UK Internet regulator, works to control the standards of the contents broadcasted over the Internet. It does not prosecute the law offenders, but its duty is to raise awareness to the stakeholders, who include industries and civil societies among others, about the self-regulatory capability that each have over the content displayed over the I nternet. Ofcom is a good example of the Internet governance by the multi-stakeholders. In the United States, network neutrality policy advocates for equal treatment of the information displayed over the Internet regardless of the nature and impacts of the content. Considering the future of Internet governance, this paper would conclude by saying that it is at a greater stake considering the policies that are available today for governing the Internet content16. This policy has brought issues in the United States over a majority of the Internet users displaying contents that are abusive to minors and insulting to the religious individuals. However, the government emphasizes on the issuance of freedom of expression to its citizens, and hence no limit to the Internet contents. Through the Internet governance mechanisms, numerous organisations are involved in the administration of the Internet at both the national and international spectrum. The most common organisation that governs int ernet addresses and security is the Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) located in the United States. In addition, ICANN is a non-profit making organisation for assigning domain names and the IP addresses. Domain Name System (DNS) is a system for allowing computers to identify each other through unique numerical labels and IP addresses. This system ensures security of the Internet users by the identifications of the computers being used over the Internet, and thus it is easy to track the Internet offenders by the location of the used computers. University of Southern California was the first institution mandated, by the government of the United States, with the role of issuing DNS and IP addresses until the introduction of ICANN in early1998. The US government mandated ICANN with the role of delegating top-level domain names to some organisations that maintained two level domain names such as.com and.net17. Secondly, it is responsible for allocating blocks of the Internet protocol ad dresses to five most common regional Internet registries, and thirdly it authorises the creation of high-level domain names. However, the US department of commerce had much control over the ICANN until in 2006 when a joint agreement to allow it to have full independence over its responsibilities was reached by various government institutions, but the department of commerce has the authority to oversee how ICANN issues the domain registries to some organisations and specific clients18. Internet Governance Forum wishes to introduce new technologies in the governing of the Internet activities that use the detection of the IP addresses of the computers being used for the Internet networking at certain locations. For instance, the Google map application is used in the identification of specific geographical locations of interest all over the world. Google maps are widely used by navigators as well as the Internet governance bodies such as the United States Marine Corps who use special sa tellite assisted maps in the identification of locations of interest all over the world. However, some critics argue that Internet governance tends to limit the Internet freedom, and this assertion can be looked into two different perspectives. First, Internet governance could limit the Internet freedom through allowing much involvement of the government regulators into the regulatory bodies such as the ICANN of the United States. Secondly, the Internet freedom is denied when the Internet governance mechanisms, which control the nature of the Internet content, are put in place and they end up limiting some individuals from posting contents that are harmful to some individuals such as the Ofcom, which protects the minors. Works Cited Benedek, Wolfgang, Veronica Bauer, and Matthias Ketterman. Internet Governance  and the Information Society: Global Perspectives and European Dimensions, New Jersey: Eleven International Publishing, 2008. Print. Drake, William. Reforming Internet Gover nance: Perspectives from the Working  Group on Internet Governance, New York: United Nations Publications, 2005. Print. Fidler, David. â€Å"Internet Governance and International Law: The Controversy Concerning Revision of the International Telecommunication Regulations.† American Society of International Law 17.6 (2013): 7-14. Gelbstein, Eduardo, and Jovan Kurbalija. Internet governance: issues, actors, and  divides, Merbourne: Diplo Foundation, 2005. Print. Kruger, Leonard. Internet Governance and the Domain Name System: Issues for  Congress, Washington, D.C: The Library Congress, 2010. Print. Mathiason, John. Internet Governance: The New Frontier of Global Institutions,  London: Routlegde, 2008. Print. Mueller, Milton. Ruling the root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace,  Washington D.C.: MIT Press, 2004. Print. Thierer, Adam, and Wayne Crews. Who rules the net: Internet governance and  jurisdiction, Boston: Cato Institute, 2003. Print. United Nat ions ICT Task Force. Internet Governance: A Grand Collaboration: an  Edited Collection of Papers Contributed to the United Nations ICT Task Force Global Forum on Internet Governance, New York: United Nations Publications, 2004. Print. Footnotes 1 John Mathiason. Internet Governance: The New Frontier of Global Institutions, London: Routlegde, 2008. Print. p.94. 2Ibid, p.27. 3Leonard Kruger. Internet Governance and the Domain Name System: Issues for Congress, Washington, D.C: The Library Congress, 2010. Print. p.162 4David Fidler. â€Å"Internet Governance and International Law: The Controversy Concerning Revision of the International Telecommunication Regulations.† American Society of International Law 17.6 (2013): 7-14. 5Fidler, p.8. 6Ibid, p.13. 7 Kruger, p.163. 8Ibid, p.168. 9 Fidler, p.9. 10 Mathiason, p.105 11Adams Thierer and Wayne Crews. Who rules the net: Internet governance and jurisdiction, Boston: Cato Institute, 2003. Print. p.128. 12 William Drake. Reforming Int ernet Governance: Perspectives from the Working Group on Internet Governance, New York: United Nations Publications, 2005. Print. p.162. 13 Kruger, p.73. 14 Wolfgang Benedek, Veronica Bauer, and Matthias Kettermaand. Internet Governance and the Information Society: Global Perspectives and European Dimensions, New Jersey: Eleven International Publishing. 2008. Print. p.111. 15 Drake, p.201. 16 Milton Mueller. Ruling the root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace, Washington D.C.: MIT Press, 2004. Print. p.183. 17Thierer and Crews, p.136. 18 United Nations ICT Task Force. Internet Governance: A Grand Collaboration: an Edited Collection of Papers Contributed to the United Nations ICT Task Force Global Forum on Internet Governance, New York: United Nations Publications, 2004. Print. p.47 This case study on Internet Governance was written and submitted by user Brodie J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Applying for U.S. Government Jobs Guide

Applying for U.S. Government Jobs Guide Projecting to hire 193,000 new employees over the next two years, the U.S. government is a great place to look for a great career. The federal government is the largest single employer in the United States, with almost 2 million civilian workers. About 1.6 million are full-time permanent employees. Contrary to popular belief, five of six federal employees work outside the Washington, D.C. area, in locations across the U.S. and even abroad. Federal employees work in 15 cabinet-level agencies; 20 large, independent agencies and 80 smaller agencies. When you apply for a job in federal government, there are some specific instructions you need to follow in order to give your application best chance of winning an interview: Applying for  a Government Job The best and easiest way to find and apply for government jobs is now online through the USAJOBS.gov website, the federal government’s official employment portal. Applying for jobs on USAJOBS.gov is a six-step process: Create a USAJOBS account: You will first need to create a Login.gov personal account on USAJOBS. Login.gov is service that that offers safe, secure, and private online access to a wide range of government programs, such as federal benefits, services, and applications. A single login.gov account enables you to use the same username and password to sign into multiple government websites, including USAJOBS.gov.Create a USAJOBS profile: A USAJOBS account and profile allows you to save jobs you are interested in, save and automate job searches, and manage the forms and other documents needed to complete job applications.Search for jobs: Be sure to sign into your USAJOBS account before doing a job search. USAJOBS uses your profile information to better mold your job search results to your needs. In addition, you can use filters such as location, salary, work schedule or agency to narrow your results.Review Job Announcements: Each job announcement includes qualifications and eligibility req uirements you must meet and include in your application. Since these qualifications and eligibility requirements may differ from job-to-job and agency-to-agency, it is important to read the job announcement completely and carefully. Prepare your application in USAJOBS: Each job announcement will include a â€Å"How to Apply† section you should read before starting the application process. To start your application, click â€Å"Apply† in the job announcement and USAJOBS will guide through the process during which you’ll attach your resume and any required documents. As you work through the application process you can review, edit, delete and update your information. USAJOBS automatically saves your work as you go.Submit your application to the agency: When your application is finished, USAJOBS sends it to the agency’s application system where can submit your application. The agency may ask you to complete other agency-specific steps such filling out an online questionnaire or uploading additional documents. Once your application has been submitted, you can check its status anytime by accessing your USAJOBS account. If You Have a Disability   Persons with disabilities can learn about alternate methods of applying for federal jobs by calling the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM) at 703-724-1850. If you have a hearing disability, call TDD 978-461-8404. Both lines are available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Selective Service  Requirement If you are a male over age 18 who was born after December 31, 1959, you must have registered with the Selective Service System (or have an exemption) to be eligible for a federal job. What to Include with Your Application Although the federal government does not require a standard application form for most jobs, they do need certain information to evaluate your qualifications and determine if you meet legal requirements for federal employment. If your resume or application does not provide all the information requested in the job vacancy announcement, you may lose consideration for the job. Help speed the selection process by keeping your resume or application brief and by sending only the requested material. Type or print clearly in dark ink. In addition to specific information requested in the job vacancy announcement, your resume or application must contain: The job announcement number, and title and grade(s) of the job you are applying for. All of this information will be listed in the job announcement.Personal information:- Full name, mailing address (with ZIP Code) and day and evening phone numbers (with area code)- Social Security Number- Country of Citizenship (Most jobs require US citizenship.)- Veterans preference information- Reinstatement eligibility (If requested, attach form SF 50.)- Highest Federal civilian job grade held​ if any. (Also state job series and dates held.)Education:- High School (Schools name and address, Date of diploma or GED)- Colleges or universities (Schools name and address, Majors, Type and year of degrees, or credits and hours earned.)- Send a copy of your transcript only if the job announcement calls for it.Work experience:- Supply the following information for your paid and non-paid work experience related to the job you are applying for: (Do not include job descriptions.)Job title (include seri es and grade if federal job)Duties and accomplishmentsEmployers name and addressSupervisors name and phone numberStarting and ending dates (month and year)Hours worked per weekHighest salary earned- Indicate if the hiring agency may contact your current supervisor Other Job-Related Qualifications- Job-related training courses (title and year)- Job-related skills, for example, other languages, computer software/hardware, tools, machinery, typing speed- Job-related certificates and licenses (current only)- Job-related honors, awards and special accomplishments, for example, publications, memberships in professional or honor societies, leadership activities, public speaking, and performance awards (include dates, but do not send copies of documents unless requested.)

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example o work towards the fulfilment of its own interests in total disregard of the individuals whom it is representing, and in such a situation it is possible that the principal is the one most likely to suffer (Crane & Matten, 2003, p.42). In this way, it is possible for the principal–agent problem to take place, leading to the ruining of relationships which were meant to be mutually beneficial. The fact that the agent works towards the achievement of its own goals to the total detriment of the entity represented by it creates a situation where it is impossible for such entities to trust agents to handle their affairs. In this way, the agent is given the power to represent the interests of the principal, and instead of doing so, it chooses to undertake activities which not only ensure that it gains a lot from the activities, but that the interests of the principal suffer as a result. Corporate social responsibility comes about mainly because of the instances of conflict that are a part of the inconsistencies that occur between the profitability and social goals. The result is that many companies have to work towards the attainment of profits while at the same time ensuring that they act responsibly towards their employees as well as the societies that are affected by their activities. A case study conducted on Levi Strauss shows that this company makes sure that the working conditions and wages among the workers throughout its supply chain is reasonable (McWilliams & Siegel, 2001). In this way, the company is able not only to achieve the legal requirements of the countries within which it works, but it also ensures that it takes ethical responsibility over its actions as well as its employees. While this may be the case, there have been instances where because of the massive profit margins within these companies, many of their chief executives have gone out of t heir way to ensure that they gain huge salary increments. In such cases, these executive officers are often

Sexual harassment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sexual harassment - Case Study Example Burger King Restaurants, the largest franchisee is paying $2.5 million in order to settle fed-eral claims of sexual harassment. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission says the agree-ment with Carrols Corp. covers 89 female employees around the country. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission alleged that Carrols employees subjected women in dozens of restaurants to unwanted touching, obscene comments, strip searches, exposure of genitalia, and rape. However, the Burger King Restaurants Company did not admit any wrongdoing and said in a statement that it settled the case to avoid litigation costs. This particular settlement required Burger King Restaurants to improve its ability to respond to harassment charges. Syracuse, N.Y.-based Carrols owns and op-erates more than 570 Burger King Restaurants in 13 states. Carrols was accused of sexual harass-ment and a widespread violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. Burger King's largest franchi-see--Carrols Restaurant Group I nc. agreed to a $2.5 million settlement with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) on Tuesday, this marked the end of a 14-year sexual harassment case in which Carrols was accused of widespread violation of Title VII of The Civil Rights Act. According to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the money will go to 88 former employees and one current employee, the remaining claimants out of 90,000 female em-ployees that the EEOC initially contacted to investigate Carrols' alleged harassment. In spite of this, Carrols did not admit wrongdoing as a component of the settlement, and the CEO of the company, Daniel Accordino said in a statement: "We unequivocally do not tolerate sexual harassment in our workplace." The company however did agree to augment its anti-harassment policies and increase training, and will be reporting to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) for two years. This story relate to ideas that we have discussed in the course concerning sexual harassment and human resources. According to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC, sexual harassment is a form of gender discrimination in violation of Title VII of Civil Rights Act 1964.   In fact, by 1998, the Supreme Court of the United States made employers more liable for employee sexual harassment. Nevertheless, the Society for Human Resource Management has documented in their report that 62%of companies today offer programs on sexual harassment prevention training, and 97% have a written policy of sexual harassment (Crouch, 2009). In the case of the Burger King Restaurants, there were some inconsistencies as there was no clear sexual harassment policy written. Over 88 female employees reported sexual harassment and have been compensated due to laxity of the company to define a

Who deserves what kind of education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Who deserves what kind of education - Essay Example These inequivalences have never been explained to this day. Sato and Lensmire (2009) state that underprivileged (poverty-stricken) children are usually stereotyped as inferior students in that their conditions may hinder their learning and they are termed as less-worthy learners. This should not be the case and that is why teachers are today being trained to cater for children of all social classes. The strategies applied include treating all learners as equal, bridging school and home experiences, and connecting between lived sociocultural realities and academic abstractions. Collectively, the idea here is to provide the best (and normal) education to everyone regardless of their social class. Jean Anyon conducted a research on students in five elementary schools to tell whether there was a relationship between social class and the type and level of literacy attained at school. Five elementary schools were evaluated, each set in contrasting social class communities. According to the findings, it was revealed that depending on a school’s social class, the children differed with regards to their symbolic and physical capital, the process of work, and finally, authority (Anyon, 1981). This revelation, therefore suggested the need to maintain uniformity in education (literacy) settings to prevent this bias. Finally, education has been defined by many scholars as a â€Å"banking† process in that learners are taught through narration. This means that they ingest whatever the teacher (banker) provides them without any thinking process involved. According to Freire (1970), such education minimizes the learner’s creative and problem-solving power. In its place, Freire recommends problem-posing education which is more engaging in that the learner is taught how to solve a problem but they are not filled with the solutions. Concisely, this type of education is better at unveiling or

Bioethanol: Not a Viable Alternative :: Ethanol is Not the Solution

The world has begun to realize the importance of finding sustainable, renewable forms of energy. One of the most highly prioritized forms of energy is liquid, so that we can begin to manage our dependency on fossil energy. In the midst of this search, ethanol, a fuel additive which can be utilized in a variety of vehicles has become a popular alternative to fossil fuel. Many view Ethanol as the fuel of the future. Bioethanol, which is currently the most prominent type of ethanol, is made from the fermentation process of crops such as sugar or corn. This can be done in two ways, through dry or wet milling, the main difference between the two being that in dry milling the grains are mashed together, while in wet milling they are soaked in water for 24-48 hours before the process begins. Both of these processes generate C02 emissions; however the C02 is generally captured and used for other things(1). Many nations, with the United States and Brazil leading in production, have begun to use Ethanol fuel as a renewable liquid energy source. Over the past six years ethanol production in the United States has nearly quadrupled, and the government is spending over three billion dollars in subsidies for the industry(1). However many people believe that the numerous drawbacks of actually producing and utilizing Ethanol outweigh these benefits, and that we should divert our attention and funding towards more viable renewable resources. The benefits of ethanol fuel seem to be fairly straightforward. The most popular reason cited for using bioethanol is that because it contains a high level of oxygen it is more clean burning than straight gasoline. According to some estimates "ethanol use in the U.S. reduced CO2-equivalent greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 7 million tons", and is expected to reduce emissions by 1.7 billion tons by the year 2050(2). Such a dramatic reduction of ozone forming materials helps to improve air quality in cities where the fuel is used. Ethanol also does not contain many of the toxins that fossil based gasoline does, making it more biodegradable and safer in the instance of a spill(3). Additionally corn-based fuels are renewable, we have the capabilities to grow large amounts of corn, whereas we cannot produce anymore fossil energy and are limited by the supplies that we already have. The idea that ethanol is a clean burning, renewable resource sounds lovely in theory, however in practice Ethanol isn't particularly sustainable.

Concepts of Electrostasis

Why do you suppose this is so? -Outer electrons are loosely bound with the nucleus because of their larger distance from the nucleus, so they can be easily stripped off. In the case of the inner electrons, the opposite is true. They are more tightly bound because their closer to the nucleus, so they are more difficult to remove them. 52) You are not harmed by contact with a charged metal ball, even though its voltage may be very high. Is the reason similar to why you are not harmed by the rater than 1 ICC sparks from a Fourth of July sparkler? Defend your answer in terms of the energies that are involved. Yes. The reason is similar, because the amount of energies involved in both cases is very small. Chapter 23: Electric Current 46) In the circuit shown, how do the brightness's Of the identical lightships compare? Which bulb draws the most current? What will happen if Bulb A is unscrewed? If Bulb C is unscrewed? -The brightness of Bulb A and Bulb B will be the same, while Bulb C will be twice as Bulbs A or B. Bulb C draws the most current. When Bulb A is unscrewed, Bulb C will glow as it had and Bulb B will not glow. If Bulb C is unscrewed, Bulb A and Bulb B will glow at the same brightness.Chapter 24: Magnetism 15) One way to make a compass is to stick a magnetized needle into a piece of cork and float it in a glass bowl full of water. The needle will align itself with the horizontal component of Earth's magnetic field. Since the north pole of this compass is attracted northward, will the needle float toward the north side of the bowl? Defend your answer. -The needle will point toward the northward direction; however, it will not eve towards the northward side since the forces acting on the needle balances each other Out, remaining at rest. 3) In a mass spectrometer, ions are directed into a magnetic field, where they curve and strike a detector. If a variety of singly unionized atoms travel at the same speed through the magnetic field, would you expect them a ll to be deflected by the same amount, or would different ions be bent different amounts? Defend your answers. -Deflection of ions by magnetic fields solely depends upon their charge/ mass ratio. This is different for different ions. Chapter 25: Electromagnetic Induction 2) A certain simple earthquake detector consists of a little box firmly anchored to Earth.Suspended inside the box is a massive magnet that is surrounded by stationary coils of wire fastened to the bode. Explain how this device works, applying two important principles of physics-?one studied in Chapter 2 and the other in this chapter. -When an earthquake occurs, stationary coils inside the detector begin to vibrate and a relative motion between the coils and magnets is generated. The motion of the coils induces voltage into the coils. As a result, the intensity of the earthquake is recorded. ) A length of wire is bent into a closed loop and a magnet is plunged into it, inducing a voltage and, consequently, a current in the wire. A second length of wire, twice as long, is bent into two loops of wire, and a magnet is similarly plunged into it. Twice the voltage is induced, but the current is the same as that produced in the single loop. Why? -The voltage induced is directly proportional to the number Of loops Of the wire. Resistance is directly proportional to the length of the wire as long as all other parameters are constant in the formula R=PL/A.The second wire has wise the length and twice the number of turns than the first wire. 43) The metal wing of an airplane acts like a â€Å"wire† flying through Earth's magnetic field. A voltage is induced between the wing tips, and a current flows along the wing but only for a short time. Why does the current stop even though the airplane contain use flying through Earth's magnetic field? -The current stops even though the airplane continues to fly through the Earth's magnetic field, because the losses which occurred when a motor operates a gen erator and when the voltage is stepped up by a transformer is not considered.After the completion of each cycle, the energy outputted decreases due to the losses in the motor, the generator, and the transformer. Therefore, this will stop. Chapter 32: The Atom and the Quantum 6) Why does classical physics predict that atoms should collapse? -According to classical physics, an accelerated charged particle emits radiation. An electron that is orbiting the nucleus should radiate energy and move into a spiral path that ends at the nucleus. Therefore, atoms should collapse from a classical physics description. 28) When and where do Newton's laws of motion and quantum mechanics overlap?When the size of the system is very large compared to the De Brogue wavelength, the Newton's laws of motion and quantum mechanics overlap. Chapter 33: The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity 16) Two protons in an atomic nucleus repel each other, but they are also attracted to each other. Explain. -Two protons i n an atomic nucleus repel each other and also attract each Other, because of Coulomb Repulsion. The protons repel each other; however, due to a strong nuclear force, they also attract each other. 47) Why is carbon dating ineffective in finding the ages of dinosaur bones?

The Monsoon Cycle Defined

Every summer, southern Asia and especially India, is drenched by rain that comes from moist air masses that move in from the Indian Ocean to the south. These rains  and the air masses that bring them  are known as monsoons. More Than Rain However, the term monsoon refers not only to the summer rains but to the entire cycle that consists of both summer moist onshore winds and rain from the south as well as the offshore dry winter winds that blow from the continent to the Indian Ocean. The Arabic word for season, mawsin, is the origin of the word monsoon due to their annual appearance. Although the precise cause of the monsoons is not fully understood, no one disputes that air pressure is one of the primary factors. In the summer, a high-pressure area lies over the Indian Ocean while a low exists over the Asian continent. The air masses move from the high pressure over the ocean to the low over the continent, bringing moisture-laden air to south Asia. Other Monsoon Areas During winter, the process is reversed and a low sits over the Indian Ocean while a high lies over the Tibetan plateau so air flows down the Himalaya and south to the ocean. The migration of trade winds and westerlies also contributes to the monsoons. Smaller monsoons take place in equatorial Africa, northern Australia, and, to a lesser extent, in the southwestern United States. Almost half of the worlds population lives in areas affected by the monsoons of Asia and most of these people are subsistence farmers, so the coming and goings of the monsoon are vital to their livelihood to grow food to feed themselves. Too much or too little rain from the monsoon can mean disaster in the form of famine or flood. The wet monsoons, which begins almost suddenly in June, are especially important to India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar (Burma). They are responsible for almost 90 percent of Indias water supply. The rains usually last until September.