Reprocudtive Health Bill Free Essays

Chelsea Samatra, Kenneth Ragus Samatra,Ragus 1 Ms. Daligcon Period 4 A Battery That Makes Cents Abstract Many coins in the heap will make the most power. On the off chance that there are more coins in the heap, at that point the greater power it can create, in light of the fact that the more electrons you have, the greater power you will get. We will compose a custom article test on Reprocudtive Health Bill or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Batteries are costly, however you can make one for precisely 24 pennies! In this test, you will make your own voltaic heap utilizing pennies and nickels. In the information, we will check whether the quantity of pennies and nickels will influence the quantity of voltage and current. Issue what number coins in the heap will make the most power? Speculation If there are more coins, at that point the greater power it can create, on the grounds that the more electrons you have the greater power you will get. Samatra, Ragus 2 Background/Research You may believe that batteries are a cutting edge development, yet batteries were one of the principal methods of making power. Alessandro Volta found the principal electric battery in 1800. He made a mammoth heap of substituting layers of zinc, smudging paper absorbed salt water, and silver. This early structure for a battery got known as theâ voltaic heap. How does a voltaic heap make power? The way to power is the development ofâ electrons. In a voltaic heap, electrons move from one metal to the next through the saltwater arrangement. The saltwater arrangement is called anâ electrolyte, and it containsâ ionsâ in arrangement from the broke up salts. A particle is a gathering of molecules that conveys a positive or negative electric charge. The particles respond with the metals, causing anâ electrochemical response, a unique sort of synthetic response that makes electrons. The two sorts of metals in a voltaic heap are calledâ electrodes. Since there are two sorts of metals, one metal responds more firmly than the other, which leaves an electrical likely contrast, likewise called voltage, between the two kinds of metals. One metal turns out to be emphatically charged, the positive terminal and the different turns out to be contrarily charged, the negative cathode. This makes electrons move, making an electricalâ currentâ which is estimated in amperes, and afterward you have power! What's more, the equation for voltage is current occasions obstruction or V = I*R, so the recipe for current will be voltage partitioned by opposition or I = V/R. Samatra, Ragus 3 Vocabulary Words: * Electrochemical Reaction †part of science that manages the substance activity of power and the creation of power by compound responses * Electron †Also called negatron, a rudimentary molecule that is a crucial constituent of issue * Voltaic Pile †battery comprising of voltaic cells orchestrated in arrangement; the soonest electric battery concocted by Volta. * Electrolyte †a fluid or gel that contains particles and can be disintegrated by electrolysis. Materials The materials and types of gear that are required for the investigation are: * Pennies (4) Nickels (4) * Mild dish cleanser * Vinegar (any sort, 1/4 C. ) * Salt (1 Tbsp. ) * Small bow * Small plate (artistic, plastic, or Styrofoam not paper or metal) * Digital multimeter (any benevolent that understands mA and mV) Samatra, Ragus 4 * Paper towels (2) * Scissors The methodology for the examination are: 1. In a little bowl, combine 1/4 C. of vinegar (electrolyte) and 1 Tbs p. of salt (particles). 2. Utilizing scissors, cut up a paper towel into little squares. 3. Spot the little squares to absorb the bowl of salt-vinegar arrangement, and put them in a safe spot. 4. Assemble a few pennies and nickels, wash with a mellow cleanser (like dish cleanser), and dry. 5. Begin fabricating your stack on a dry paper towel on your plate. Put down a penny first, at that point place a square of vinegar-doused paper towel on top, and afterward include a nickel. Continue rehashing the layers until you have a pile of four coins (exchanging pennies, wet paper towel pieces, and nickels), ensuring you end with a nickel on top. 6. Join the leads of the multimeter to the two finishes of the battery by contacting one lead to the penny on the base and the other to the nickel on the top. Measure the voltage created by your battery (in millivolts, mV). You can likewise gauge the current created (in milliamps, mA). Samatra, Ragus 5 7. Rehash the analysis, each time constructing a battery with an alternate number of coins. One significant guideline is to consistently begin with a penny and end in a nickel, so the quantity of layers of pennies and nickels will consistently coordinate. The record of the information table: Number of Pennies| Number of Nickels| Voltage (mV)| Current (mA)| 4| 6. 8| 1. 7| 5| 9. 5| 1. 9| 6| 12. 6| 2. 1| The information above shows that number of coins in the heap had influenced the measure of power created. The watcher can clearly tell that, why? Since the information shows that the more pennies and nickels you have in yorur heap, the more measure of power you can created. The measure of power delivered on 4 pennies and nickels is 6. 8, why on the grounds that the obstruction was 4 and afterward the current was 1. 7 and the recipe for voltage is V=I*R . The measure of voltage in 5 pennies and nickels is 9. 5 and its present was 1. 9. The measure of voltage in 6 pennies and nickels is 12. also, its present was 2. 1. Samatra, Ragus 6 Sample Models This picture shows the structure of a voltaic heap, which is the primary plan of a battery that’s used to make power. It was found by Alessandro Volta in 1800. In this analysis, you will make your own adaptation of the voltaic heap utilizing two unique kinds of coins and a salt-vinegar arrangement. How does a voltaic heap made of cash work? Since each coin is comprised of an alternate metal, one metal responds more firmly than the other, which leaves an electrical likely distinction (voltage) between the two kinds of metals. The inquiry is, in what manner will various quantities of coins influence the measure of power created? By making heaps with various quantities of coins and estimating the voltage and current delivered, you can test the impact of changing the quantity of coins in the heaps. Samatra, Ragus 7 Analysis Amount of the Voltage (Pennies ; Nickels) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 (4 pennies ; nickels) (5 pennies ; nickels) (6 pennies and nickels) The diagrams shows that the quantity of pennies and nickels whether it increment or reduction, it will influence the measure of the voltage (mV). The diagram above explicitly shows and reveal to us that expanding the quantity of nickels and pennies will build the measure of voltage. In an extremely short manner, the more pennies and nickels the more voltage and current. The equation for voltage was V = I * R, so the recipe for current was I = V/R and afterward the recipe for obstruction was R = V/I. Samatra, Ragus 8 taking everything into account, numerous coins in the heap will make the most power, I demonstrated that my speculation was correct the more coins in the heap, at that point the greater power it can deliver, in light of the fact that the more electrons you have, the greater power you will get. The information that I made was associated with the exploration area in light of the fact that the examination segment, it tells the peruser that can the quantity of pennies and nickels will influence the measure of the voltage? So my information shows that the quantity of the pennies and nickels did truly influence the measure of the voltage. I will consistently recall that the more electrons/coins in the heap, the greater power/voltage it can created. The most effective method to refer to Reprocudtive Health Bill, Essay models

What Happens If the Presidential Election Is a Tie

What Happens If the Presidential Election Is a Tie In four cases, the Electoral College, not the mainstream vote, has decided the result of a presidential political race. Despite the fact that there has never been a tie, the U.S. Constitution plots a procedure for settling such a situation. Heres what might occur and who the players included are if the 538 voters plunk down after the political decision and vote 269 to 269. The U.S. Constitution At the point when the U.S. first picked up its autonomy, Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution plot the procedure for choosing voters and the procedure by which they would choose a president. At that point, voters could decide in favor of two unique contender for president; whoever lost that vote would become VP. This prompted genuine contentions in the appointment of 1796 and 1800. Accordingly, U.S. Congress approved the twelfth Amendment in 1804. The revision explained the procedure by which balloters should cast a ballot. All the more significantly, it portrayed what to do in case of an appointive tie. The revision expresses that the House of Representatives will pick promptly, by voting form, the President† and â€Å"the Senate will pick the Vice-President. The procedure is likewise utilized if no competitor wins at least 270 Electoral College votes. The House of Representatives As coordinated by the twelfth Amendment, the 435 individuals from the House of Representatives must make their first official obligation the determination of the following president. In contrast to the Electoral College framework, where bigger populace approaches more votes, every one of the 50 states in the House gets precisely one vote while choosing the president. It is up to the assignment of agents from each state to choose how their state will cast its unrivaled vote. Littler states like Wyoming, Montana, and Vermont, with just a single delegate, employ as much force as California or New York. The District of Columbia doesn't get a vote in this procedure. The primary contender to win the votes of any 26 states is the new president. The twelfth Amendment gives the House until the fourth day of March to choose a president. The Senate While the House is choosing the new president, the Senate must choose the new VP. Every one of the 100 legislators gets one vote, with a straightforward larger part of 51 representatives required to choose the VP. In contrast to the House, the twelfth Amendment puts no time limit on the Senates choice of a VP. On the off chance that There Is Still a Tie With 50 votes in the House and 100 votes in the Senate, there could in any case be tie votes in favor of both president and VP. Under the twelfth Amendment, as changed by the twentieth Amendment, if the House has neglected to choose another president by Jan. 20, the VP choose fills in as acting president until the stop is settled. At the end of the day, the House continues casting a ballot until the tie is broken. This expect the Senate has chosen another VP. On the off chance that the Senate has neglected to break a 50-50 tie for VP, the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 determines that the Speaker of the House will fill in as acting president until tie casts a ballot in both the House and Senate have been broken. Past Election Controversies In the questionable 1800 presidential political decision, an Electoral College tie vote happened between Thomas Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr. The tie-breaking vote made Jefferson president, with Burr announced VP, as the Constitution required at that point. In 1824, none of the four applicants won the necessary lion's share vote in the Electoral College. The House elected John Quincy Adams president in spite of the way that Andrew Jackson had won the mainstream vote and the most constituent votes. In 1837, none of the bad habit presidential up-and-comers won a greater part in the Electoral College. The Senate vote made Richard Mentor Johnson VP over Francis Granger. From that point forward, there have been some extremely near disasters. In 1876, Rutherford B. Hayes vanquished Samuel Tilden by a solitary appointive vote, 185 to 184. Also, in 2000, George W. Hedge crushed Al Gore by 271 to 266 discretionary votes in a political race that finished in the Supreme Court.

Models for Change Business Process Reengineering Essay

Evaluate Business Strategy In the same way as other different methodologies, BPR cases to adjust association change (and IT advancement) with business procedure. This is significant in light of the fact that BPR concentrates of improving procedures which are of essential key significance. The supposition that will be that system is now decided, and that it is remotely focussed, managing clients, items, providers and markets. BPR is very unmistakable from key arranging. Select Processes Here we pick those procedures on which we will focus our reengineering exertion. This decision includes various advances. Recognize Major Processes A procedure as â€Å"a structured,measured set of exercises intended to create a predefined yield for a specific client or market, process is â€Å"an interrelated arrangement of exercises that convert business contributions to business yields (by changing the condition of significant business entities)†. Decide Process Boundaries This is anything but difficult to state and difficult to do. A few procedures, for example, item make, are genuinely self-evident, however there might be question whether to incorporate exercises, for example, materials obtainment inside this procedure. Once in a while the limits between forms which tail each other (eg advertising and deals, conveyance and establishment) are difficult to concur. Procedures which include beyond what one organization can likewise mess limit up. Evaluate Strategic Relevance Normally reengineering will focus on few procedures. This may appear problematic, yet gave the procedures picked are finished (not parts of procedures) and the reengineering is intensive, a stream on impact will presumably imply that inadmissible neighboring procedures will before long become possibility for update. So we should start with those procedures which are generally basic to the organisation’s methodology. At UTS, for example, the significant procedure may be to acquire more cash from industry. Procedures legitimately adding to this technique would be acceptable contender for reengineering. Qualify Culture and Politics This progression (which is even less quantifiable than the others) evaluates the way of life and legislative issues of the authoritative units performing exercises inside the procedure, and how these units are seen in more extensive hierarchical governmental issues and culture. Procedures in a clinical school, for example, might be more diligently to reengineer than those in a business college, both in light of the fact that the clinical school puts a high incentive on its autonomy and on the grounds that it is profoundly respected by the remainder of the college (or even society). Since effective reengineering eventually relies upon the collaboration of those playing out the procedure, it is smarter to manage forms where the way of life and legislative issues are great. Making a Process Vision â€Å"Creating a solid and continued linkage among methodology and the manner in which work is done is a suffering test in complex associations. Since business forms characterize how work is done, we are managing the connection among system and processes.In BPR, as in all plan work, making the vision is the pivotal stage; and it is likewise the least organized. In evaluating procedure and choosing forms we were attempting to comprehend things which (in principle) as of now exist. So also when we come to evaluate existing procedures and assets. For structure and usage we might be helped by rules, techniques and instances of comparative frameworks. Be that as it may, in making a dream we are pretty much all alone. There are various strategies, which are known to help in the inventive procedure. When taking a shot at process dreams it is likewise useful to consider in which zones of the business we wish to upgrade forms. Davenport manages two parts of vision creation: the quest for a d ream and vision qualities. Vision †search Procedure visons must be identified with system, so we may look to the organisation’s methodology for motivation. This accept the technique is adequately explicit to provide a feeling of guidance (eg â€Å"improve nature of administration to normal customers† instead of â€Å"improve quality†). Contemplating methodology likewise keeps the vision search at the correct level †expansive yet explicit. Since much BPR work underpins a client centered system, it is imperative to have client contribution to the vision. All the more for the most part, the â€Å"customer† is the one accepting the business yield, and this incorporates inside clients; it is significant that we realize the yield is â€Å"right† before we begin turning out how to create it. Benchmarking, with regards to making an undertaking, implies perceiving how others do it. This is identified with receiving â€Å"best practice†, however in the event that we need upper hand we may need to show improvement over â€Å"best†; in any case, it is acceptable to discover what is best up until now. We are searching for thoughts, not emulating, so we may search for benchmarks in very various sorts of association; in certainty this might be simpler, since our immediate rivals may not wish to uncover their â€Å"best† practice to us. Vision †targets and qualities â€Å"Process dreams, similar to techniques, ought to be anything but difficult to impart to the association, no threatening to the individuals who must actualize (or who are influenced by) them, and as rousing as quantifiable targets can be.† [Davenport,p119] The procedure vision shows what we need our new procedure to do and to an exceptionally restricted degree how it will do it. These are separately the procedure goals and qualities. The destinations ought to have a client or business center †they should really be worried about result. They should as indicated by all the specialists be quantifiable †we should have the option to tell how we have done. Also, they ought to be straightforward and non-contradicty †we don’t need a not insignificant rundown of contending destinations, nor targets whose measures are just intelligible to a mathematician, market analyst or bookkeeper. Run of the mill goals would be â€Å"reduce conveyance time by 50%† or â€Å"double the quantity of potential clients reached per month†. The qualities show how we mean to accomplish the goals, maybe regarding innovation or general standards. It is to some degree unordinary to create goals and means all the while however since BPR is focusing on radical targets it is important to have some sign of how they will be accomplished before the executives will be set up to focus on the plan stage. Notice that it is significant at this phase to consider an assortment of means before the vision is concluded. Adding credits to our targets may give â€Å"reduce conveyance time by half by re-appropriating conveyance services† or â€Å"use to web to twofold the quantity of potential clients reached every month without expanding staff†. Davenport calls attention to that extreme change might be accomplished by setting aggressive destinations †â€Å"creativity must be energized by setting outlandish goals†. Comprehend and Improve Existing Processes A few defenders of BPR advocate beginning with a â€Å"clean slate† yet most (counting Davenport) suggest that we invest energy considering existing procedures. There are various explanations behind this: †¢People in the associations (and clients) will utilize language dependent on the current procedures. We have to utilize this language to clarify our proposition. †¢When actualizing the new procedures we should design change from the present circumstance †the current procedures. †¢The existing procedures might be causing issues which we could without much of a stretch rehash on the off chance that we don't get them. Existing procedures may likewise contain exercises for maintaining a strategic distance from issues which we probably won't foresee. †¢The existing procedures are the base from which we measure improvement. Contemplating the current procedures incorporates the accompanying exercises: †¢The current procedure stream is portrayed utilizing any reasonable graphing technique. Such a technique ought to show the arrangement of exercises, trigger occasions, time taken for every movement and any buffering delays. †¢The current procedure is assessed against the new targets and evaluated for conformance to the new qualities. †¢Problems with the present procedure are distinguished. It is essential to recollect that reengneering isn't implied just to defend existing procedures. †¢Short term upgrades to the present procedures are proposed. It isn't fitting to delay straightforward enhancements until complete reengineering is finished. Evaluate Social and Technical Resources In this progression we judge whether we have the assets accessible to continue with the venture. â€Å"Social resources† allude to the association and the individuals in it. Is the association used to change? Are there key supporters of BPR? Does the association have a convention of collaboration and open conversation? Is there an air of trust? What aptitudes are accessible? Are individuals ready to learn? On the off chance that social assets seem, by all accounts, to be insufficient, they should be created previously or during the reengineering venture. The equivalent applies to specialized assets, however these are simpler to pass judgment. Is fitting innovation accessible to help the new procedures? This implies equipment, programming and talented individuals. Confinements especially happen with arrange foundation. Once more, missing capacities should be created, despite the fact that for this situation (in contrast to social assets) re-appropriating is a chance. Structure and Implement New Processes Structure and execution of the new procedures can utilize any appropriate system, yet various focuses should be recalled. †¢Since BPR is execution situated the system must have the option to foresee execution during structure. †¢BPR ventures are intended to be done rapidly †the approach should bolster this. †¢Stakeholders (the two clients and the individuals who will be working the procedure) must be included. â?

The Role of DNA Methylation in the Tumourgenesis - 3850 Words

The Role of DNA Methylation in the Tumourgenesis (Research Paper Sample) Content: The Role of DNA Methylation in the TumourgenesisInsert name (s)Course Instructorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameCourse CodeDate of SubmissionThe Role of DNA Methylation in the TumourgenesisOverview of DNA MethylationÂDNA methylation is a critically important epigenetic alteration involving the covalent addition of a methyl group to cytosine, guanine or adenine within CpG dinucleotides of the animal cells. According to many experts, DNA methylation plays a very important role in healthy growth and development as it is associated to various processes in living organisms. In addition, DNA methylation is also an essential process required for proper embryonic development and cellular differentiation particularly in higher animals. This is particularly because the biochemical addition of the methyl groups may result in a number of profound effects on the mammalian genome some of which may include transcriptional repression, X chromosome inactivation, carcinogenesis and genomic suppre ssion (Santella, 2011, p.293).Recent studies have revealed that DNA methylation is a crucial player in both genome stability and DNA repair. In normal cells, the epigenetic modification is particularly responsible for ensuring proper regulation of stable gene slicing and gene expression. However, given its critical role in gene expression, errors in DNA methylation have been known to give rise to a diverse number of devastating consequences including abnormalities and diseases such as cancer (Phillips,Â2008, p.116). The correlation between DNA methylation and tumourgenesis is particularly attributed to the silencing of the critical growth regulators like the tumor suppressing genes by DNA methylation due to hypermethylation within the promoter regions. This dissertation critically investigates the potential role of DNA methylation in the tumourgenesis. 1 DNA Methylation MachineryThe DNA methylation machinery primarily consists of DNA methyltransferases (which act as highlighters ), readers of the methylation mark (glasses) as well as erasers. Generally, the machinery particularly works by ensuring that certain genes are turned on at the proper time and turned off when they are not required.The DNA methyltransferases (highlighters) also known as DNA MTases or DNMTs refers to a family of enzymes that are primarily responsible for catalyzing the transfer of methyl group during the DNA methylation process. According to many experts, the enzyme DNA methyltransferases particularly catalyzes the DNA methylation by initiating and speeding up the addition of methyl groups to the 5th carbon position of the cytosine (cytosine-5)Âring within the CpG dinucleotides thereby resulting in 5-methylcytosine.According to Gnyszka, Jastrzebski and Flis (2013, p.2989), there are three DNMTs responsible for the establishment and maintenance of the DNA methylation process namely the DNMT1,ÂDNMT3aÂandÂDNMT3b. DNMT1 is the most abundant enzyme DNA methyltransferase p articularly in the mammalian cells where it is primarily responsible for methylating hemimethylated CpG dinucleotides as well as the maintenance of methyltranferase. On the other hand, DNMT3aÂnormally methylates CpG dinucleotides at a faster rate than DNMT3b but slightly slower than DNMT1.Another key component of the DNA methylation machinery is the methylation mark readers also known as the methyl-CpG-binding proteins. The readers particularly work by specifically binding to the methylated DNA thereby silencing transcription and modulating gene expression. In most cases, the activities of the methyl-CpG-binding proteins (readers) are closely supported by the local chromatin structures which are often primarily responsible for determining the repression or transcription of certain genes. For example, a number of methyl-CpG-binding proteins are widely thought to repress gene expression through their subsequent interactions with the enzymes histone deacetylases. In this regard, th e state of then chromatin structure may be critically important in the regulation of transcription and repression of genes. Finally, the erasers are a part of the DNA methylation machinery which primarily functions by inhibiting methylation initiated suppression thereby redepressing the silenced genes.Fig 1: DNA Methylation Machinery 2 Dynamics of DNA Methylation in Human GenomeThe human genome is widely known to contain two sets of information namely genetic and epigenetic. The epigenetic information is primarily responsible for providing the needed blueprint for the processing and manufacture of all the important proteins required for the survival of micro organisms while the epigenetic information is used to determine where, how and when the genetic information should be used including its transcription and suppression (Esteller, 2011, p.3007). DNA Methylation is one of the major forms of epigenetic information in the human genome that is responsible for ensuring that certain gen es are turned on at the proper time and turned off when they are not required through the covalent addition of a methyl group to cytosine within CpG dinucleotides.Generally, the methylation of DNA in the human genome may potentially affect the binding of proteins to their various cognate DNA sequences thereby resulting in a number of effects on the genome. According to many experts, DNA Methylation normally has a diverse number of profound effects on the human genome some of which usually include epigenetic inheritance, genomic stability, transcriptional repression, X chromosome inactivation, carcinogenesis, suppression and imprinting of parasitic DNA sequences. However, changes in the DNA methylation have in numerous cases been correlated with genetic lesions and genomic instability. 3 Mechanism of DNA Methylation in Gene ExpressionDNA methylation is one of the major epigenetic mechanisms used by the animal cells to control and regulate gene expression. Methylation of DNA is a proc ess where methyl (CH3) group is added to cytosine or guanine/ DNA nucleotides, the cells then uses these epigenetic methods to control/silence gene expression. Gene expression however on the other hand is the process by which information from aÂgeneÂis used in the production of a functionalÂgeneÂproduct for example protein, but in non-protein coding genes such as tiny nuclear RNA, the product after synthesis is a functional RNA (Esteller, 2011, 3005).The mechanism generally entails conversion of the of cytosine bases of the DNA to 5-methylcytosine through the addition of methyl groups to the 5th carbon position of the cytosine (cytosine-5)Âring in the CpG dinucleotides. In this regard, the DNA methylation machinery particularly works by ensuring that certain genes are turned on at the proper time and turned off when they are not required. This is widely attributed to the fact that the epigenetic information is primarily responsible for providing the needed bluepr int for the processing and manufacture of all the important proteins required for the survival of micro organisms while the epigenetic information is used to determine where, how and when the genetic information should be used including its transcription and suppression.According to Knudson (2001, p.158), the methylation of DNA in the human genome may potentially affect the binding of proteins to their various cognate DNA sequences thereby resulting in a number of effects on the genome. As earlier been noted, the entire process is normally catalyzed by DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) enzymes. A number of recent researches have particularly revealed that DNA methylation primarily takes place at the cytosine bottom ofÂeukaryoticÂDNA, which are then converted to 5-methylcytosine by the DNA Methyltransferase enzymes. The altered cytosine residues are then put in place on a DNA sequence and eventually replicated thereby resulting in changes in the gene expression.Although the exact mechanism of methylation in the gene expression is not fully understood, it is widely believed that Methylation plays a critically important role in repressing gene expression and one way is by blocking the promoters. For example, According to Phillips (2008), there exist many ways in which gene expression can be controlled in cells some of which includes numerous cellular processes such as inactivation of the X-chromosome, preventing chromosome stability, embryonic development and genomic imprinting but regardless of all these, methylation of DNA is the most commonly preferred and used method by cells to put genes in an "off" position because these other methods are linked to many errors that leads to devastating consequences such as human diseases.In addition, for better embryonic development and cell differentiation, proper DNA methylation is highly recommended. During the process of cell cycle, the patterns of this histone methylation may change rapidly though methylation of DNA is believed to be quite stable in somatic cells. On the other hand, the aberrant methylation process which is the most common molecular laceration of the cancer cells and it is a big factor to be considered as it causes most human diseases. For gene transcription to take place, the gene promoter must be readily accessible to transcription factors and other regulatory units e.g. the enhancers. 4 DNA Methylation Changes in CancerTurmorgenesis and the development of cancer normally occur as a result of both genetic and epigenetic alterations. According to the widely accepted hypothesis proposed by Knudson (2001, .156) known as the "Two genetic hitsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , the carcinogenesis involves two hits namely the first (active) hit inform of genetic alterations such as mutations in a critical gene and the second hit in the form of silence epigenetic alterations resulting in the inactivation or ...

Indias law on acid attacks - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2213 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Ecology Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations It can be concluded from the research of the laws prevalent in various countries that India has recognized the effects and the increasing incidence of acid violence in the country over the last few years. India has now made acid violence a specific offence and have through legislation ensured that victims be provided free treatment in both government and private hospitals. Also through the Supreme Court judgment it is mandated that the victim be given a minimum of 3 lakhs Rs. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Indias law on acid attacks" essay for you Create order as compensation by the State government. But still the implementation lacks as there are no agencies / bodies created at the state or district level to ensure that the mandatory provisions are implemented. There is an absence of National/State Monitoring Board or any National / State Victim Fund to adhere to the needs of the victims and also to ensure implementation at the ground level. The National Commission for Women in 2008 recommended establishment of National/State Monitoring Board and a National / State Victim Fund for the purpose but till now no such body is in existence. Even regards compensation and regulating sale and use of corrosive acids, the states have not come out with their policies despite repeated directions by the Supreme Court over the last few years. Also there is no grievance redressal system in place like the Special Acid Violence Tribunals created in Bangladesh. Recommendations- Recommendations with regards to Medical Support- Victims of acid violence need urgent medical support as time is of the essence. The first aid and the medical treatment, including cosmetic surgeries etc. are very expensive. Even in cases of less severe burns the amount spent in surgeries runs into lakhs of Rupees. Inspite of the Supreme Court’s guidelines and provisions in the I.P.C and Cr.P.C, the victims of acid violence face many obstacles in receiving free treatment and also seeking compensation from the Government. From the ground realities it is observed that therein lays the problem of implementation. In many cases of acid violence reported the victims still await the much needed compensation[1] and are denied the essential treatment on technical grounds. Also any delay in the surgery and skin-grafting procedures causes new skin to grow over the burnt skin causing further disfigurement. So to ensure effective implementation it is proposed:- That the Government issue Acid Victim cards to the victims of acid attack which are recognized and accepted in various Government and private hospitals in the Delhi- NCR area ensuring sppedy medical and first-aid treatment to the victims. That such hospitals be mandated to provide medicines and other services free of costs to the victims possessing these Govt. Issued Acid Victim Cards since many of the victims are poor and cant afford even the medicines let alone the surgeries. Also every such hospital should be mandated to reserve atleast 2 wards for victims of acid violence, since absence of beds is given as one of the reasons denying access of treatment to the victims. Also Victims of Acid Burns are prone to infection and so hygienic environment is one of the most essential aspects of treatment. The orders of the Supreme Court with regards to compensation should be implemented and a fund should be incorporated for victims of acid violence so that timely compensation can be paid to ensure urgent first aid and basic skin treatment. There should be in place a National Acid Attack Victim’s Assistance Board on the lines recommended by the National Commission for Women Draft Bill or a Criminal Injuries Compensation Board as recommended by the Law Commission in its 226th Report so as to have in place a monitoring authority to ensure the victim’s grievances are heard and timely compensation accorded to them.[2] Recommendations regarding Rehabilitation and After care of victims of acid violence-Victims of acid violence are unable to follow their normal routines for many years due to constant surgeries and treatment and in many cases are discarded by their families due to mounting costs of treatment. So it is proposed that:- The victims of acid violence are given employment in Govt. and Public Sector Undertakings since many people are unwilling to hire them because of their appearance and since due to their surgeries and medical treatments they have been out of skilled work for many years. In cases where the victim is not in a position to work due to medical and psychological reasons, the government should give monthly pension or some other fixed amount. The Acid Victim Card issued by the govt. for hospitals could be used to disburse this monthly amount. Furthermore since the victims are often shunned away from their homes due to medical expenses, it is proposed to provide the victims with a safe and hygienic accommodation as has been done by the State of Karnataka for victims of acid violence. Recommendations with regards to Framing Policy for previous Victims(Drafting a Scheme)- Past Victims of acid violence had to endure many obstacles and sufferings due to absence of laws and had to sell their personal belongings to finance their medical treatment. It is only in the 2013 Criminal Amendment Act that acid attacks was recognized as a distinct offence and Section 326A and 326B were introduced in the Indian Penal Code. In this Amendment Act Section 357B and 357C was introduced in Criminal Procedure Code mandating the States to incorporate a fund for victims of acid attacks and to ensure that both Government and Private Hospitals provide free essential medical treatment. In view of this it is proposed that a Scheme should be formulated treating Acid Attack Victims as a disadvantaged class and ensuring that:- In this Scheme even past victims for acid Violence should be compensated for their financial expenditure on their treatments which was a responsibility for the Govt. to provide in the first place. Atleast compensation amounting to 10 Lakhs of Rupees should be paid to them and a Govt job should be provided to them since they are treated as an outcast with no means of livelihood. Also it is proposed that a shelter house should be established for the Delhi-NCR area to cater to the needs of acid attack victims. Also since the victims of acid attacks are mostly girls in the age group of 15-25 yrs it is proposed that the government should frame policies to provide higher education. Due to the attacks many of the girls had to give up education and so remain unskilled. Education is one of the most elementary aspects of ensuring rehabilitation to the victims and ensuring financial independence. So incentives like scholarships, vocational training and reservation of seats should be provided to them through the scheme. Institutes like ILI can reserve a few seats for victims of acid violence and can also provide free legal aid to such victims. Recommendations with regard to Criminal Investigation and Trial Cases of acid violence should be brought under fast track courts since in such cases time is of the essence and due to the urgency of the matter questions regarding fine and compensation are to be decided at the earliest. Also a time period should be fixed within which the investigation is to be completed like it is 60 days in Bangladesh. Police officers found negligent or intentionally misleading investigations should be made criminally liable as done by other countries to ensure the perpetrators of such acts are brought to justice. Recommendations regarding establishment of Skin Banks, a Monitoring Authority, Sensitization and awareness- The Government should promote awareness with regards to acid violence and their detrimental effects. Also basic First Aid to be given to the victims should be highlighted. The govt. should enhance its efforts to sensitize the public generally towards victims of acid attacks so that they are not ridiculed and are brought to the manifold of life. The victims have done no wrong. It is the accused and the perpetrators who should lose face and not the victim. She deserves all the support we can give her. Inspite of the directions of the Supreme Court the Sale of Acid continues Unregulated. The Government should empower the SDM to carry out regular checks over the acid-selling Counters and also to ensure that the Companies manufacturing and distributing acids comply with the Supreme Court Guidelines. The SDM has to be given greater powers in this regard and the punishment for failure to comply with the guidelines with regards to Regulation of acid should invite heavt penalties so as to be a deterrent. Skin banks for acid attack survivors[3] At present, there are no skin banks at government-run hospitals, making skin donation out of reach for the poor.In February 2012, when the Union health ministry approved the idea of setting up a skin bank at New Delhi’s Safdarjung Hospital, acid attack survivors and burns patients across north India saw a ray of hope. However, the project is yet to see the light of day, according to replies to an RTI application filed by acid attack survivor and activist Pragya Prasun Singh.[4] Skin banks would not only help acid attack victims, but also those who suffer severe burns. The project was also supposed to involve an awareness programme on skin donation, but there is no such awareness programme in effect as of yet. Proposed Amendments Amendments to the Indian Evidence Act-It is proposed that section 114B of the Indian Evidence Act should be incorporated. Section 114 B would read as: 114B- Presumption as to acid attack-If a person has thrown acid on, or administered acid to, another person the court shall presume that such an act has been done with the intention of causing, or with the knowledge that such an act is likely to cause such hurt or injury as is mentioned in Section 326 A of the Indian Penal Code. Amendments to the Indian Penal Code- it is proposed that the recommendations of both National Commission for Women and the Law Commission should be complied with and a minimum amount of fine should be laid down both in Section 326A and Section 326 B. The National Commission for Women in its Draft Bill laid down the quantum of fine as 5 lakhs to be paid by the accused to the victim while the 226th Report laid down the amount of fine upto 10 lakhs. Even in cases of attempt to throw acid, the amount of fine should atleast be Rs. 2 lakhs so as to deter future cases of acid violence. Amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure Section 161 should be amended so as to include 326A and 326B as the class of cases wherein the statement of the women who is victim of acid violence will be recorded by the women police officer or any woman officer. Section 167(5) of the Code should be amended so as to include a proviso stating that in cases of acid violence the investigation shall be concluded within a period of 30days from the arrest of the accused and in case of delay for no fault of the investigating officer, it shall be completed within a period of 2 months from the date of arrest of the accused. It is proposed Section 309 of the CrPC be amended so as to include Section 326A and Section 326B in the first proviso. Section 309 relates to the power to postpone or adjourn proceedings. It would mean that in cases of Section 326A and 326B, the trial or inquiry should be completed within a period of 2 months from the date of filing of the charge sheet. Furthermore Sec309 should be amended to introduce an additional proviso stating that in case of adjournment or in case of discharge of accused u/s 245 Crpc, the court may order interim compensation for the urgent treatment of victim of acid violence. Section 357A (5) should be amended so as to include a proviso so that in cases of acid violence interim compensation for urgent medical treatment should be disbursed to the concerned hospital treating the victim within 15 days. Section 357C should be amended so as to clarify that the hospitals (public/private) providing free treatment to victims of acid violence will get the amount reimbursed from the state’s Victim Compensation Fund after presenting the requisite details of the treatment provided signed by the victim. For this purpose the Government is to provide Acid Attack Victim Medical cards so as to make the whole process more transparent and easier for the victims of acid violence. Provisions as to Bail-Section 437 of the Code of Criminal Procedure should be amended so as to include a proviso that in cases of acid violence no bail should be given to the accused if it appears that on being released the accused would threaten the victim or would use his position to threaten/influence the victim or her family members. Also it should be made out that normally in cases of acid violence bail is not to be given unless accused shows that he has a strong defence or that preponderance of probabilities lies in favour of the accused. [1] See also Sapna Case Study in Chapter 5.1. [2] See Chapter 2.4.3 Draft Bills and Reports of this work. [3] Nupur Sonar, No skin to hide the Scars, 21st Dec’2013 available at: https://www.tehelka.com/no-skin-to-hide-the-scars/(Visited on 20th Feb 2014). [4] Ibid.

William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 1490 Words

In William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, the appellation characters are teenagers who abatement in adulation at aboriginal sight. Undeterred by the abhorrence that exists amid their families, they foolishly ally which sets off an alternation of abrupt accomplishments that advance to their deaths. Both Romeo and Juliet seek the admonition of the adults in their lives, but are met with carelessness according to their own. Shakespeare’s affair that abrupt accomplishments can generally accept adverse after-effects is illustrated through Friar Lawrence’s analysis of Romeo and Juliet’s accord and Lord Capulet’s hasty accommodation of Juliet’s alliance to Paris. Shakespeare’s affair that abrupt accomplishments can generally accept adverse†¦show more content†¦Romeo went ahead and went to the man named Friar Lawrence to marry them and he agreed. They met at the chapel and were married. The Characters are Prince of Verona, Paris is a young nobleman, Montague, and Capulet are both head of household’s cousin to Capulet, Romeo son to Montague, Mercutio, Kinsman to the Prince, and friend to Romeo. Benvolio nephew to Montague, and friend to Romeo. Tybalt, nephew to Lady Capulet. Friar Lawrence, Friar John – Franciscans. The Nurse is Juliet’s servant like a mother to her. Gregory servant to Capulets. Love Caused Violence Romeo and Juliet is a lot of acclaimed adulation adventure in the English arcane tradition. Adulation is by itself the play’s ascendant and a lot of important theme. The play focuses on adventurous love, accurately the acute affection that springs up at aboriginal afterimage amid Romeo and Juliet. In Romeo and Juliet, adulation is a violent, ecstatic, cutting force that supersedes all added values, loyalties, and emotions. In the advance of the play, the adolescent lovers. Love is the cardinal affair of the play, but a clairvoyant should consistently bethink that Shakespeare is aloof in assuming a prettied-up, airy adaptation of the emotion, the affectionate that bad poet’s address about, and whose bad balladry Romeo reads while acquisitive for Rosaline. Love in Romeo and Juliet is a brutal, able affect that captures individuals and catapults

Water Moccasin Essay Research Paper Water MoccasinThe free essay sample

Water Moccasin Essay, Research Paper Water Moccasin The H2O mocassin, besides known as mocassin serpent, and water moccasin ( called this because when it is threatened it throws back its caput and shows its white-lined oral cavity as a warning signal ) , swamp adder, gapper, trap jaw, H2O mocassin, and low land mocassin. Trap jaw, H2O mocassin, and water moccasin are the more common names for it. Belonging to the household Viperidae, it is Agkistrodon piscivorus, phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, category Reptilia, order Squamata, household Crotalidae lives in the southeasterly United States of a line running from Cape Charles, Virginia, to the center of the Alabama-Georgia boundary line, so to southern Illinois, and from at that place to where the Pecos River and the Rio Grande meet in Texas. The specific name piscivorus means, # 8220 ; fish feeder # 8221 ; but H2O mocassins are besides fond of toads, mammals and other serpents, it eats both cold blooded and warm blooded animate beings. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Moccasin Essay Research Paper Water MoccasinThe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The H2O mocassin is aquatic and is at place near or in the H2O. Its comparative, the Copperhead, is most frequently found off from H2O and in forest home grounds. Although it may be normally seen in lakes and pools, countries where homo are, few human deceases are recorded. Baby H2O mocassins frequently look a batch different than their parents, because they have a form of black cross bands over a tan/gray background. These babes besides have a bright xanthous tail, used for enticing little quarries within dramatic distance ; this colour is lost as the snakes mature. The immature are born unrecorded in late summer and early fal l. The figure per litter norms five serpents, with the serpents mensurating sex to eleven inches. The H2O mocassin is a really deadly serpent, a cavity viper, it has a cavity in the side of its caput, below the eyes and the anterior naris, and some non-venomous H2O serpents have a wide caput excessively, but lack the cavity. Water mocassins can turn to over five pess long, though most are merely 3 + pess. They have large dark sets across their organic structures. They normally feed on little mammals, fish, birds, and toads ; Fish provide most of the serpent # 8217 ; s venom because of the oils in the fish. Water mocassins are usually found in wet topographic points, boggy countries of rivers and watercourses, and boggy shores of lakes. The bite of a H2O mocassin is highly unsafe and could turn out fatal. The water moccasin may hold their babes when they are every bit immature as three old ages of age. The babes of a water moccasin serpent are born unrecorded. The babes are born from September to August. The parents attention for them for a few old ages while they are still immature and unable to care for themselves. Adults Hunt for nutrient while the babes stay in their nest waiting for their return. The figure of babes that can be born at one time are from eight to ten at one birth. Cottonmouth serpents are good at concealing. The water moccasin snake # 8217 ; s colourising helps them suit in and conceal so they are non seen. Their disguise helps them Hunt for nutrient and to conceal from marauders. The babes have better disguise than the adult ups. The ground for this is because the babes are smaller so they are unobserved in the under coppice of the wetlands.